,.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— Bum. TIN  No.  88. 

•»» 

A.  D.  MHLV1N,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS 

AND 

SOME  METHODS  OF  THEH    INFECTION 
WITH  TUBERCULOSIS. 


BY 


E.   C.  SCHROEDER,   M.  D.  V., 

Super  in  h  iidcnt  of  Experiment  Station, 
Bureau  of  minimal  Industry, 

AND 

JOHN  R.   MOHLER,  V.  M.  D., 

Chief  of  radiological  Division, 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVHRNMHNT    PRINT  INC,    OFFICH. 
1906. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  A.  D.  MELVIN. 
AMiattnii  Chief:  A.  M.  FARRINOTON. 
Chief  Clerk:  E.  B.  JONES. 

Dairy  l>irit<iuri:  ED.  II.  WEBSTER,  rhief;  CLARENCE  B.  LANE,  assistant  chief. 
J)is}>fdio)i  7)irix!<m:  RICE  P.  STEDDOM,  chief;  U.  G.  HOUCK,  associate  chief;  MORKIS 
WOODEN,  assistant  chief. 

Quarantine  Dirision:  RICHARD  W.  HICKMAN,  chief. 
Annual  Jfnuliinidi/nin:  (IEORCK  M.  ROMMEU 
/v/i'/u/v  JAMES  M.  PICKENS. 
Artist:  W.  S.  D.  HAINES. 
Librarian:  BEATRICE  C.  OBERLY. 

LABORATORIES. 

Biochemic  Division:  MARION  DORSET,  chief. 
Pathological  Division:  JOHN  R.  MOHLER,  chief. 

Zooloffical'Division:  BRAYTON  U.  RANSOM,  scientific,  assistant  in  charge. 

KXI'KKIMKNT    STATION. 

E.  C.  SCHROEDKR,  superintendent;  W.  E.  COTTON,  assistant. 

MEAT   INSPECTION. 

Inspectors  'in  charge. 


Arkansas  City,  Kans.— Dr.  R.  W.  Tuck,  care  Hen- 

neberry  &  Co. 
Austin,  Minn.— Dr.  M.  O.  Anderson,  care  George 

A.  Hormel  &  Co. 
Baltimore,  Md.— Dr.  H.  A.  Hedrick,  215  St.  Paul 

.street. 
Bloomington,  111. — Dr.  Frederick  Braginton,carc 

Continental  Packing  Company. 
Boston,  Mass. — Dr.  J.  F.  Ryder,  141  Milk  street. 
Brightwood,    Mass. — Dr.    W.    J.    Murphy,    care 

Springfield  Provision  Company. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.— Dr.  B.  P.  Wende,  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change Building,  East  Buffalo. 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.— Dr.  T.  A.  Shipley,  care  T.  M. 

Sinclair  &  Co. 

Chicago,  111.— Dr.   S.   E.  Bennett,  room  316  Ex- 
change Building,  Union  Stock  Yards. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. — Dr.  A.  G.  G.  Richardson,  care 

Union  Stock  Yards. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. — Dr.  E.  P.  Schaffter,  care  Cleve- 
land Provision  Company. 
Davenport,  Iowa. — Dr.  E.  L.  Bertram,  care  Henry 

Kohrs  Packing  Company. 
Denver,  Colo. — Dr.  W.  E.  Howe,  care  Western 

Packing  Company. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. — Dr.  Chester  Miller,  care  The 

Agar  Packing  Company. 
Detroit,  Mich. — Dr.  L.  K.  Green,  care  Hammond, 

Standish  &Co. 
Eau  Claire,  Wis.— Dr.  G.  W.  Butler,  care  Drum- 

mond  Brothers. 
Fort  Worth,  Tex.— Dr.  A.  H.  Wallace,  care  Swift  & 

Co..  , 
Hutchinson,   Kans. — Dr.  J.   E.    Blackwell,   cart: 

Hutchinson  Packing  Company. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. — Dr.  N.  C.  Sorensen,  cure  Kin- 

gan  A:  <'o. 
Jersey  City.  N.  J.— Dr.  Julius  Huelsen,  care  The 

Jersey  city  Slock  Yard  Company. 
Kansas  Oitf,    Kans.  -Dr.    L.    I!.    Baker,   room    :i:;x 

Live  Stock  Kxchange. 

Lafayette.  Ind.     Dr.  . I.  !•'..< 'loud,  care  Kern  Pack- 
ing Company. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. — Dr.A.  K.  Itishcl,  care  Cudahy 

Packing  Company. 
Louisville,  Ky.— Dr.  H.  H.  George,  Wi  Johnson 

street. 
Mankato,  Minn.    -Dr.  1 1.  II.  Dell, care  Macbeth  & 

Gardner. 
Marshallto\vn,    Jo\va.— Dr.    J.    C).    K.    Price,   care 

Brittuin  &Co. 
Mason  City,  lown.— Dr.  Robert  Jay, care  Jacob  K. 

Decker  &  Sons. 


Milwaukee,  Wis.— Dr.  A.   E.  Bchnke,  room  432 

Federal  Building. 

Nashville,  Tcnn. — Dr.  W.  B.  Lincoln,  care  Ten- 
nessee Packing  and  Provision  Company. 
National  Stock  Yards,  111.— Dr.  J.  B.  Clancy. 
Nebraska  City,  Nebr.— Dr.  W.  H.  Gibbs,  care  Mor- 

ton-Gregson  Company. 
Newark,  N.J.— Dr.  Thomas  Castor,  care  Swift  & 

Co.,  Harrison  Station. 
New  Haven,  Conn. — Dr.  Albert  Long,  care  Sperry 

&  Barnes. 

New  York,  N.  Y.— Dr.  H.  N.  Waller,  109  West  Forty- 
second  street. 
Oklahoma,  Okla. — Dr.  Raymond  Johnson,  P.  O. 

box  1285. 
Ottumwa,  Iowa. — Dr.   Joshua  Miller,  care  John 

Morrell  &  Co. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.— Dr.  C.  A.  Schaufier,  131  South 

Second  street. 
Pittsburg,  Pa.— Dr.  F.  W.  Ainsworth,  Union  Stock 

Yards. 
Portland,  Oreg. — Dr.  Clarence  Loveberry,  room 

402  Custom-House  (new). 
Quincy,  111.— Dr.  J.  S.  Kelly,carcBlomer&  Michael 

Co. 
j  St.  Louis,  Mo.— Dr.  J.J.  Brougham,  care  Missouri 

Stock  Yards  Company. 
San  Diego,  Cal. — Dr.  Robert  Darling,  care  Charles' 

S.  Hardy. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. — Dr.  George   S.  Baker,  care 

Western  Meat  Company. 
Sea-tile.  Wash.— Dr.  <).  B.  II< 

Company. 
Sioux  City,  Iowa. — Dr.  G.  A.  Johnson,  Exchange 

Building. 
Sioux   Falls,  S.  Dak. — Dr.  Herman  Busman,  care 

Sioux  -Kails  Packing  Company. 
South  Omaha,  Nebr.— Dr.  Don  C.  Aver,  Post-Office 

Building. 

South  St.  Joseph, Mo.— Dr. George  Ditcwig. 
South  St.  Paul,  Mini).— Dr.  F.  D.  Ketchnm. 
Tacoinn,  \Vasli.--Dr.  K.  C.  Joss,  care  Carslriis  Pack- 
ing Company. 
Topeka,   Kans'.— Dr.  F.  L.   D 

WolIT  Packing  Company. 
Waterloo,  Iowa.— Dr.  T.  W.  Scott,  care  The   Kalh 

Packing  Company. 
Wichita,  Kans.— Dr.  W.  N.  Neil,  care  John  Cudahy 

Company. 
Worcester,  Mass.— Dr.   K.  P.  Do\vd,  care   White, 

Pevey  &  Dexter  Co. 


(Concluded  on  page  3  of  cover.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE.    * 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— BULLETIN  No.  88. 

A.  D.  MELVIN,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS 

AND 

SOME  METHODS  OF  THEIR  INFECTION 
WITH  TUBERCULOSIS. 


BY 


E.   C.  SCHROEDER,   M.  D.  V., 

Superintendent  of  Experiment  Station, 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 

AND 

JOHN  R.   MOHLER,  V.   M.  D., 

Chief  of  Pathological  Division, 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1906. 


LETTER  OF  TRANS/VIITTAL. 


r.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 

ITdxJtitHjtoH,  I).  C'.,  June  20,  1906. 

SIR:  1  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  and  to  recommend  t'oi- 
publication  as  a  bulletin  of  this  Bureau,  a  manuscript  on  "The  Tuber- 
culin Test  of  Hogs  and  Some  Methods  of  their  Infection  with  Tuber- 
culosis,*' by  Drs.  E.  C.  Schroeder  and  John  R.  Mohler,  of  this  Bureau. 
This  article  reports  two  lines  of  experiments,  from  which  the  authors 
conclude,  among  other  things,  that  with  proper  precautions  to  keep 
the  animals  quiet  the  tuberculin  test  ma}T  be  practically  applied  to 
hogs  with  as  reliable  results  as  with  cattle,  and  that  hogs  readil}7  con- 
tract tuberculosis  through  the  ingestion  of  infected  food.  The  experi- 
ments indicate  that  in  the  common  practice  of  feeding  hogs  after  cattle 
there  is  great  danger,  if  the  cattle  are  affected  with  tuberculosis,  of 
the  disease  being  communicated  to  the  hogs. 

Respectfully.  A.  D.  MELVIN, 

Chief  <>f  Biti'iau. 
Hon.  JAMES  WILSON, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture, 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introductory 7 

Hogs  used  in  the  experiments 7 

Tuberculin  as  a  diagnostic  agent  for  tuberculosis  in  hogs 8 

Variability  of  temperature  of  hogs 8 

Precautions  against  fluctuations  of  temperature 9 

The  tuberculin  tests 10 

Analysis  and  discussion  of  results 10 

Suggestions  for  practical  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  to  hogs...  14 

Comparative  variation  in  temperatures  of  hogs,  other  animals,  and  men..  17 

Temperature  and  autopsy  records 21 

Temperature  tables 21 

Autopsy  records 38 

Hogs  fed  tuberculous  milk 38 

Hogs  fed  behind  cattle  affected  with  natural  tuberculosis 40 

Hogs  fed  behind  healthy  cattle  that  were  ingesting  tubercle  bacilli.  40 

Hogs  infected  by  subcutaneous  injection 40 

Some  methods  by  which  hogs  may  contract  tuberculosis 42 

Plan  of  the  experiment 42 

Hogs  of  Group  1 42 

Hogs  of  Group  II 42 

Hogs  of  Group  III 43 

Analysis  and  discussion  of  results 43 

Location  of  lesions  produced  by  feeding  experiments 45 

Summary  of  practical  conclusions , 48 

5 


THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS  AND  SOME  METHODS 
OE  THEIR  INFECTION  WITH  TUBERCULOSIS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  increased  frequency  with  which  the  occurrence  of  tuberculosis 
among  hogs  is  being  reported  calls  attention,  in  addition  to  the  other 
questions  it  presents,  to  the  unsatisfactory  status  of  our  knowledge 
relative  to  the  tuberculin  test  in  its  application  to  hogs.  The  series  of 
experiments  recorded  in  this  article  were  made,  at  the  suggestion  and 
by  direction  of  Dr.  A.  D.  Melvin,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  in  order  to  obtain  better  information  on  this  subject,  and  to 
determine  conclusively,  if  possible,  in  what  measure  dependence  can 
be  placed  on  tuberculin  used  as  a  diagnostic  agent  for  tuberculosis  in 
hogs;  also  to  gain  information  as  to  the  manner  in  which  hogs  con- 
tract tuberculosis  in  their  natural  environment. 

HOGS    USED    IN    THE    EXPERIMENTS. 

The  hogs  used  may  be  divided  into  five  groups: 

I.  Twelve  hogs  infected  with  tuberculosis  by  feeding  them  partially 
with  milk  to  which  virulent  tubercle  bacilli  had  been  added. 

II.  Four  hogs  that  were  fed  behind  cattle  affected  with  natural 
tuberculosis. 

III.  Four  hogs  that  were  fed  behind  cattle  affected  with  tubercu- 
losis by  adding  tubercle  bacilli  daily  to  their  drinking  water.     (Very 
little  water,  other  than  that  to  which  tubercle  bacilli  had  been  added, 
was  received  by  the  cattle  during  the  time  the  hogs  of  this  group  were 
behind  them.) 

IV.  Twelve  hogs  infected  with  tuberculosis  through  subcutaneous 
inoculation  with  virulent  tubercle  bacilli. 

V.  Twenty-six  supposedly  normal,  healthy  hogs. 

All  these  hogs  were  used  in  the  tuberculin  tests,  and  the  hogs  of 
Groups  I,  II,  and  III  were  also  used  in  the  experiments  with  methods 
of  contracting  tuberculosis. 

All  the  hogs  included  in  Groups  1,  II,  III,  and  IV,  and  one  hog  of 
Group  V  were  killed  and  autopsies  held  after  the  conclusion  of  the 
tuberculin  tests.  This  leaves  25  hogs  of  Group  V  that  arc  still  alive 

1880— No.  88—06 2  7 


8  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF    HOGS. 

and  well.  The  latter  were  received  from  a  source  from  which  about 
2,000  hogs  have  been  examined  postmortem  during  the  last  ten  years, 
and  among  which  only  two  cases  of  tuberculosis  (0.1  per  cent)  were 
discovered.  Hence  it  is  not  regarded  as  necessary  that  the  25  animals, 
not  one  of  which  showed  the  least  tendenc}r  to  react  to  tuberculin, 
should  be  killed  and  examined  postmortem  to  show  more  conclusively 
that  they  are  free  from  tuberculosis.  The  probability  for  each  one  of 
the  hogs  that  it  is  affected,  without  taking  the  absence  of  a  tuberculin 
reaction  into  consideration,  is  1  chance  per  1,000  (0.1  per  cent),  and 
consequently  the  chance  that  a  single  case  of  tuberculosis  exists  among 
the  entire  2-5  hogs  is  25  chances  per  1,000,  or  1  chance  in  40.  The 
one  hog  of  Group  V  that  was  killed  and  examined  postmortem  showed 
peculiarities  of  temperature  during  the  tuberculin  test  that  made  an 
autopsy  desirable. 

TUBERCULIN  AS  A   DIAGNOSTIC   AGENT   FOR   TUBERCULOSIS   IN 

HOGS. 

VARIABILITY    OF   TEMPERATURE    OF    HOGS. 

Before  entering  upon  a  discussion  of  the  tuberculin  tests  it  is  desir- 
able to  say  a  few  words  about  the  temperature  of  hogs  generally. 
The  normal  variations  that  occur  in  individual  hogs  are  very  great,  so 
great,  indeed,  within  short  periods  of  time,  and  from  apparently  inad- 
equate and  frequently  undiscoverable  causes,  that  it  seems  at  first  that 
they  are  wholty  incompatible  with  the  successful  application  of  a  test 
which  depends,  for  the  information  that  can  be  derived  from  it,  on  a 
reasonable  constancy  of  the  temperature  in  the  absence,  and  an  increase 
of  the  temperature  in  the  presence,  of  a  specific  disease.  In  addition 
to  this  variation  in  the  individual  animal,  when  the  temperature  of  a 
number  of  hogs  is  compared  the  difference  found  is  of  such  magnitude 
that  we  are  at  a  loss  to  conclude  what  should  be  regarded  as  normal. 

The  hog  is  an  animal  that  is  ordinarily  incased  in  a  thick  layer  of 
fat,  which  is  a  poor  conductor  of  heat  and  in  which  the  circulation  of 
blood  is  very  meager.  Over  the  fat  a  skin  is  stretched  in  which  the 
circulation  of  blood  is  relatively  small,  and  this  skin,  unlike  that  of 
a  man  or  a  horse,  does  not  take  a  prominent  part  in  regulating  the 
bodily  temperature  through  the  agency  of  radiation  and  perspiration. 
The  covering  of  a  hog  may  be  regarded  rather  as  an  excellent  means 
for  preventing  the  escape  of  heat  from,  than  for  regulating  the  tem- 
perature of,  the  body;  hence  we  have  conditions  that  probably  permit 
of  a  more  rapid  production  than  escape  of  heat.  If  we  bear  this  in 
mind  we  see  how  urgently  necessary  it  is  that  hogs  should  be  kept 
very  quiet  for  some  time  before  and  throughout  the  duration  of  a 
tuberculin  (temperature)  test. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  9 

Normally  it  seems  that  fat  hogs  have  a  higher  temperature  than  lean 
ones,  and  that  a  higher  temperature  induced  by  exercise  or  some  other 
temporary  cause  persists  longer  in  fat  than  in  lean  hogs. 

These  general  remarks  are  based  on  numerous  observations  of  hog 
temperatures  made  in  the  course  of  the  last  ten  years  on  other  hogs 
than  those  included  in  the  tuberculin  tests  presented  in  this  article. 

PRECAUTIONS    AGAINST    FLUCTUATIONS   OF    TEMPERATURE. 

In  these  experiments  each  hog  was  placed  in  a  rectangular  crate 
about  twelve  hours  before  the  first  temperature  was  taken,  and 
remained  in  this  confinement  continuously  until  the  tuberculin  test 
was  completed.  The  reason  for  confining  the  hogs  during  the  tuber- 
culin test  was  to  keep  them  as  quiet  as  possible,  and  to  prevent 
increases  of  temperature  incident  to  physical  exertion  and  nervous 
excitement.  The  crates  were  large  enough  to  permit  the  hogs  to 
get  up  and  down  easily,  narrow  enough  to  keep  them  from  turning 
around,  and  short  enough  to  prevent  too  much  movement  backward  and 
forward.  The  dimensions  found  to  be  satisfactory  for  hogs  ranging  in 
weight  from  50  to  150  pounds  are  (interior  measurement):  Length,  4 
feet;  width,  1  foot  2  inches;  height,  2  feet. 

In  the  forward  end  of  each  crate  a  small  trough  for  feeding  and 
watering  was  fastened  securely  to  the  floor.  The  tops  of  the  crates 
were  fastened  at  the  forward  or  head  ends  with  hinges  and  at  the  rear 
with  hasps  and  staples.  At  first  an  attempt  was  made  to  have  a  door 
at  the  rear  end  of  each  crate,  to  let  down  when  the  attendant  was 
required  to  approach  the  hog  to  insert  the  thermometer  into  its  rec- 
tum; but  this  arrangement  was  abandoned  because  it  was  found  to  be 
much  easier  to  reach  the  hog  from  above.  The  material  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  crates  was  miscellaneous  pieces  of  rough  lumber  1 
inch  thick,  wire  nails,  hinges,  hasps,  and  staples.  The  only  tools 
required  were  a  hatchet  and  a  saw. 

Without  the  use  of  crates  of  the  kind  described,  or  some  equally 
satisfactory  means  of  restraint,  it  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to 
obtain  reliable  temperature  records  of  hogs. 

The  extreme  need  of  quiet  is  very  well  illustrated  by  the  tempera- 
ture of  17  hogs,  taken  at  noon  on  one  day  after  the}7  had  been  confined 
eighteen  hours  in  crates  such  as  have  been  described,  and  at  noon  on 
another  day  when  it  was  necessary  to  catch  and  hold  them  in  pens  12 
feet  long  by  4  feet  wide.  In  the  crates  the  average  temperature  was 
found  to  be  102.3°  F.,  and  in  the  pens  103.1°  F.,  a  difference  of  0.8 
degree,  and  this  notwithstanding  that  the  pens  were  very  small  and 
the  hogs  could  be  caught  and  held  without  exercising  or  exciting  thorn 
very  much. 


10  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF    HOGS. 

THE    TUBERCULIN   TESTS. 

The  total  number  of  hogs  included  in  the  tests  was  58;  of  these  33 
were  killed  and  examined  postmortem  and  25  are  still  alive.  The 
probability  of  the  presence  of  disease  among  the  latter  has  already 
been  discussed  (1  chance  in  40  that  a  single  one  of  the  25  hogs  is 
tuberculous),  and  this  is  regarded  as  so  remote  that  it  would  not  be 
justifiable  to  sacrifice  the  hogs  for  postmortem  examination  in  order 
to  give  to  the  conviction  that  they  are  healthy  the  value  of  a  fully 
confirmed  fact. 

The  temperature  of  the  first  6  hogs  tested  was  taken  hourly  for 
sixteen  hours  before  they  were  injected  with  tuberculin,  and  again 
hourly  for  forty  hours  after  the  injection.  The  temperature  of  the 
next  14:  hogs  tested  was  taken  for  twenty-three  hours  before  injection, 
and  again  hourly  for  thirty-two  hours  after  injection.  In. the  remain- 
ing tests  the  temperature  was  taken  hourly  for  twenty-three  hours 
before  injection,  and  again  hourly  for  twenty-five  hours  after  injec- 
tion. This  elaborate  system  of  taking  and  recording  temperature 
will  not  be  necessary  with  tuberculin  tests  of  hogs  for  ordinary  pur- 
poses; in  the  experimental  tests  its  need  is  obvious. 

The  dose  of  tuberculin  used  for  each  hog  was  i  c.  c.  of  the  regular 
tuberculin  prepared  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  per  hundred- 
weight or  fraction  of  a  hundredweight  of  hog;  that  is,  no  hog  received 
less  than  ^  c.  c.,  and  this  was  the  dose  used  for  all. hogs  the  weight  of 
which  was  10!)  pounds  or  less;  all  hogs  weighing  more  than  100  pounds 
but  not  more  than  200  pounds  received  1  c.  c.  No  hog  weighing  more 
than  200  pounds  was  tested;  if  there  had  been,  the  dose  would  have 
been  increased  at  the  rate  of  i  c.  c.  for  every  additional  100  pounds  or 
fraction  of  the  same.  a  The  dose  is  relatively  larger  than  that  used 
for  testing  cattle,  and  was  designedly  made  so  because  of  the  presum- 
ably tardier  absorption  from  the  subcutaneous  tissues  of  hogs.  The 
tuberculin  injected  into  the  hogs  caused  no  objectionable  results  in  a 
single  instance.  The  seat  of  injection  was  directly  under  the  skin  that 
covers  the  inner  surface  of  the  right  thigh. 

ANALYSIS   AND   DISCUSSION   OF  RESULTS. 

Among  the  58  hogs  tested,  26  were  found  on  postmortem  examina- 
tion to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis.  From  the  temperature  records 
of  the  affected  animals  we  obtain  the  following  facts:  After  an  injec- 
tion with  tuberculin  the  number  of  hours  that  pass  before  a  reaction 
begins  varies  considerably,  and  the  same  is  true  about  the  time  when 
the  reaction  reaches  its  maximum,  and  the  number  of  hours  during 
which  the  reaction  persists.  The  average  time  when  the  temperature 

«  The  dose  of  Bureau  tuberculin  for  cattle  is  2  c.  c.  for  an  adult  animal;  that  is,  about 
i  c.  c.  per  200  pounds  weight. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  11 

first  rises  above  the  maximum  temperature  before  injection,  and  when 
the  reaction  reaches  its  maximum  are,  respectively,  the  seventh  and 
the  fourteenth  hours  after  injection;  and  the  average  number  of  hours 
during  which  the  reaction  persists  and  the  temperature  remains  higher 
than  the  highest  temperature  recorded  before  injection  is  twenty- 
three.  If  we  divide  the  time  of  the  reaction  into  two  periods,  one 
from  its  beginning  to  its  maximum  and  the  other  from  its  maximum 
to  its  termination,  we  find  that  on  an  average  the  latter  period  is  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  former. 

An  examination  of  the  degrees  of  temperature  recorded  after  injec- 
tion for  the  affected  hogs  shows  that,  with  two  exceptions  (hogs  Nos. 
1754  and  1790),  in  every  instance  105.0°  F.  was  reached,  and  that  the 
difference  between  the  maximum  temperature  before  injection  and 
after  injection  in  every  case  excepting  two  (hogs  Nos.  1790  and  1853), 
was  1  degree  or  more.  From  this  AVC  conclude  that,  if  the  tempera- 
ture after  injection  with  tuberculin  reaches  105.0°  F.  and  is  1  degree 
.higher  than  the  maximum  temperature  on  the  previous  day,  the  hog 
must  be  regarded  as  having  given  a  reaction  indicative  of  the  presence 
of  tuberculous  disease.  But  as  this  formula  excludes  Nos.  1853,  1790, 
and  175-1,  it  can  not  be  regarded  as  altogether  sufficient. 

Hog  No.  1853  had  a  temperature  that  reached  105.4°  F.  on  the  day 
before  injection,  and  apart  from  the  fact  that  this  was  under  any  cir- 
cumstances an  exceptionally  high  temperature,  entirely  too  high  to 
justify  the  application  of  the  tuberculin  test,  it  is  shown  by  the  tem- 
perature on  the  second  day  after  injection  that  it  was  also  an  abnor- 
mally high  temperature  for  the  hog  in  question.  The  temperature 
after  injection  in  this  case,  however,  is  so  markedly  influenced  by  the 
injection  of  tuberculin  that  very  little  judgment  is  required  to  con- 
clude that  a  satisfactory  reaction  occurred,  although  the  difference 
between  the  maximum  before  and  after  injection  is  only  0.6°  F.  We 
may  say  that  0.6  degree  elevation  after  injection,  above  the  highest 
temperature  before  injection,  is  a  stronger  reaction  when  the  maximum 
before  injection  is  above  105.0°  F.  than  1  degree  when  the  maximum 
after  injection  does  not  reach  higher  than  105.0°  F. 

Hog  No.  1790,  in  the  presence  of  tuberculous  disease,  clearly  failed 
to  react.  The  lesions  found  in  its  body  on  autopsy,  taken  all  together, 
would  hardly  make  a  mass  the  size  of  a  pea;  but  it  is  just  in  such 
slightly  affected  cases  that  the  reaction  among  cattle  is  often  greatest, 
and  this  hog  must  be  regarded  strictly  as  an  instance  in  which  a  satis- 
factory tuberculin  failed  to  cause  a  temperature  reaction. 

Hog  No.  1754,  also  a  tuberculous  animal,  gave  what  would  be 
regarded  as  a  characteristic  reaction  for  cattle;  its  temperature  rose 
after  injection  to  1.2  degrees  higher  than  on  the  day  before,  but  as  the 
highest  temperature  reached  was  only  103.8°  F.,  if  we  keep  the  lack 
of  constancy  shown  by  hog  temperature  in  mind  this  must  be  regarded 


12  THE  TUBEECULIN  TEST  OF  HOGSi 

as  a  failure.  A  reaction  of  the  kind  given  by  this  hog  should  lead  to 
the  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis  if  the  history  of  the  animal  is  one  of 
exposure  to  infection;  otherwise  it  must  be  regarded  as  negative,  or  as 
showing  that  the  hog  is  free  from  tuberculosis.  The  truth  of  this 
assertion  will  be  more  apparent  if  we  examine  the  temperature  records 
of  some  of  the  healthy  hogs,  for  example,  Nos.  1874,  1886,  and  1527, 
which  showed  a  maximum  temperature  on  the  day  before  injection  1 
degree  or  more  higher  than  the  maximum  temperature  on  the  day 
after  injection.  This  shows  that  the  movement  of  the  temperature, 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  for  it  to  remain  constant,  of  a 
degree  or  more,  has  no  special  diagnostic  significance,  and  stamps  hog 
No.  1754  all  the  more  emphatically  as  a  failure  to  react. 

Hence  we  have,  among  the  26  hogs  found  to  be  tuberculous  on 
autopsy,  24  hogs  in  which  the  presence  of  disease  was  clearly  indicated 
by  the  tuberculin  test,  and  2  failures.  The  correct  diagnosis  repre- 
sents a  trifle  more  than  92  per  cent,  and  the  failures  less  than  8  per 
cent. 

If  we  now  apply  the  same  system  of  anatysis  to  the  temperature 
records  of  the  32  healthy  hogs,  we  find  that  only  one  reaction  occurred, 
hog  No.  1839,  and  this  hog  must  justly  be  removed  from  the  list.  It 
was  exposed  to  infection  by  eating  infected  food,  and  on  autopsy  was 
found  to  have  a  greatly  enlarged  and  congested  submaxillary  lymph 
gland.  The  submaxillary  glands  have  been  shown  by  experience  to 
be  among  the  very  first  to  become  infected  with  tuberculosis  when 
hogs  are  exposed  to  infection  through  the  food  they  eat.  No  micro- 
scopic examination  or  inoculation  tests  with  guinea  pigs  of  the  gland 
were  made,  because  it  was  accidentally  soiled  during  the  autopsy  of  the 
hog  by  sectioning  it  with  a  knife  that  had  been  used  to  cut  tuberculous 
tissue. 

Two  other  hogs  require  a  few  words  of  explanation — Nos.  1876  and 
1895.  In  both  cases  the  temperature  rose  to  104.0°  F.  after  injection, 
which  was  in  the  one  case  1  degree  and  in  the  other  1.4  degrees  higher 
than  the  maximum  temperature  before  injection.  Hog  No.  1895.  in 
which  the  difference  of  temperature  on  the  day  before  and  the  day 
after  injection  was  the  greater,  was  examined  postmortem  and  found 
to  be  perfectly  healthy.  The  temperature  of  this  hog  in  its  gradual 
rise  and  decline  after  injection  was  very  characteristic  of  a  tuberculin 
reaction,  while  the  elevation  in  the  case  of  hog  No.  1876  was  erratic 
and  did  not  partake  of  the  general  character  of  a  reaction.  If  tuber- 
culosis had  been  found  in  either  hog  the  temperature  records  would 
have  been  regarded  as  failing  to  indicate  its  presence.  For  this  reason, 
together  with  the  failure  of  the  maximum  temperature  to  rise  within 
a  degree  of  the  lowest  maximum  temperature  reached  during  the 
tuberculin  test  by  any  hog  affected  with  tuberculosis  and  regarded  as 
having  given  a  temperature  reaction,  these  two  cases  can  not  be  looked 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  13 

upon  as  failures.  A  temperature  record  like  that  of  hog  No.  1895, 
obtained  with  a  hog  that  is  a  member  of  a  tuberculous  herd,  or  is 
known  to  have  been  subjected  to  exposure,  should,  however,  be 
regarded  as  very  suspicious,  and  would  justify  the  slaughter  of  the 
animal. 

If  we  eliminate  hog  No.  1839  which  reacted  and  about  the  tuber- 
culous character  of  which  some  doubt  remains,  we  have  31  healthy 
hogs  that  were  tested  with  tuberculin,  all  of  which  failed  to  react,  or 
successful  determination  of  the  absence  of  tuberculosis  in  100  per  cent 
of  cases.  The  dependence  that  can  be  placed  on  tuberculin  when  the 
total  number  of  hogs  is  considered,  26  tuberculous  and  31  healthy,  or 
57  animals,  among  which  two  failures  occurred,  gives  us  the  high 
figure  of  96.49  per  cent. 

Ten  of  the  hogs  were  tested  a  second  time,  about  forty  days  after 
the  conclusion  of  the  first  test.  Of  these,  6  reacted  with  both  tests,  2 
failed  to  react  with  both  tests,  and  2  failed  with  the  first  and  reacted 
with  the  second  test.  The  (>  that  reacted  with  both  tests  were  all 
tuberculous,  the  2  that  failed  with  both  tests  were  free  from  disease, 
and  the  2  that  failed  with  the  first  and  reacted  with  the  second  test 
were  tuberculous.  The  latter  2  hogs  belonged  to  Group  111,  and 
probably  did  not  become  affected  with  tuberculosis  until  after  the  first 
test  was  made.  The  lesions  were  all  of  a  very  recent  character,  and 
the  disease,  which  usually  progresses  very  rapidly  in  hogs  exposed  to 
the  kind  of  tubercle  bacillus  with  which  these  hogs  became  infected, 
was  of  limited  extent. 

The  amount  of  time  and  labor  required  to  make  tuberculin  tests  in 
the  elaborate  manner  that  was  practiced  with  the  tests  presented  in 
this  article  is  greatly  in  excess  of  what  is  practically  necessary.  It 
has  been  shown  that  the  average  length  of  time  after  injection  for  the 
reaction  to  begin  is  seven  hours,  that  the  maximum  is  reached  seven 
hours  later,  and  that  the  reaction  continues  sixteen  hours  after  the 
maximum.  The  beginning  and  continuation  of  the  reaction  is  regarded 
to  be  the  uninterrupted  elevation  of  the  temperature  actually  above 
the  maximum  temperature  recorded  previous  to  injection. 

If  we  reduce  the  number  of  times  the  temperature  is  taken,  the 
three  given  figures  should  answer  as  a  guide  as  to  the  best  time  to 
take  it.  Since  the  average  number  of  hours  after  injection  in  which 
the  maximum  is  reached  is  fourteen,  the  temperature  should  be  taken 
in  all  tests  on  or  about  the  fourteenth  hour  after  injection;  and  since 
the  time  required  for  the  temperature  to  rise  from  the  beginning  of 
a  reaction  to  its  maximum  is  only  about  half  as  long  as  the  reaction 
endures  after  the  maximum  is  reached,  we  may  regard  it  as  a  rule 
that  for  every  one  time  the  temperature  is  taken  before  the  fourteenth 
hour  it  should  be  taken  two  times  after  it. 


14  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

If  the  reliability  of  our  temperature  records  is  estimated  on  the 
bases  of  the  temperature  recorded  ten,  twelve,  fourteen,  sixteen, 
eighteen,  and  twent\*  hours  after  injection  with  tuberculin,  it  will  be 
found  that  they  neither  gain  nor  lose  any  portion  of  their  diagnostic 
significance. 

SUGGESTIONS    FOR   PRACTICAL   APPLICATION    OF   THE   TUBERCULIN    TEST   TO    HOGS. 

For  a  practical  tuberculin  test  we  suggest  that  the  temperature  of 
hogs  be  taken  every  two  hours,  from  8  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.,  inclusive,  on 
the  da}*  of  injection;  that  the  tuberculin  injection  be  made  at  10  p.  m., 
and  the  temperature  again  taken  every  two  hours  the  day  after  injec- 
tion from  8  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.  The  temperature  before  injection  should 
be  taken  as  frequently  as  after  injection,  and  at  corresponding  hours, 
because  of  the  very  erratic  character  of  the  temperature  of  hogs,  and 
because  of  the  slight  circumstances  that  may  influence  it  to  a  very 
marked  degree.  And  it  is.  urged,  above  all  things,  that  the  hogs  be 
kept  veiy  quiet  throughout  the  entire  test,  and  that  the  test  be 
regarded  in  this  connection  to  have  its  beginning  at  least  twelve  hours 
before  the  first  temperature  is  taken. 

Every  man  who  uses  tuberculin  as  a  diagnostic  agent  must,  of  course, 
use  a  reasonable -amount  of  judgment  when  he  studies  the  significance 
of  the  temperature  records  he  obtains,  else  he  will  meet  with  many 
disappointments  and  will  soon  come  to  undervalue  the  true  reliability 
of  this  valuable  substance. 

Aside  from  the  importance  that  must  be  attached  to  the  difference 
between  the  maximum  temperature  before  and  after  injection,  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  temperature  rises,  the  time  it  remains  elevated,  and 
the  manner  in  which  it  drops  back  to  normal  must  receive  considera- 
tion. A  single  enormously  high  temperature,  with  a  low  temperature 
directly  before  and  after  it,  is  more  apt  to  be  an  erratic  occurrence 
without  special  significance  than  a  tuberculin  reaction.  A  reaction 
should  show  some  persistence,  though  it  need  not  remain  at  its  maxi- 
mum a  long  time.  A  good  method,  when  doubt  exists  regarding  the 
value  of  an  elevation  of  temperature,  is  to  subtract  the  sum  of  the 
degrees  recorded  before  injection  from  the  sum  of  the  degrees  recorded 
after  injection,  and  to  divide  the  remainder  by  the  number  of  records 
made  each  da}*.  For  example,  if  we  apply  this  method  to  hog  No. 
1853,  and  use  the  six  temperature  records  obtained  on  each  day  at  the 
hours  recommended  for  a  practical  tuberculin  test,  we  have  the 
following: a 

«The  injection  of  tuberculin  was  made  at  11  p.  m.,  hence  the  tenth,  twelfth,  four- 
teenth, sixteenth,  eighteenth,  and  twentieth  hours  after  injection  occur  at  9  and  11 
a.  m.,  and  1,  3,  5,  and  7  p.  m. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  15 

Temperature  of  hog  No.  1858. 


Hour. 

Tempera-     Tempera- 
ture before,     ture  after 
injection,     injection. 

9  a.  m  

0  F. 
102.  6 
103.  6 
103.0 
104.2 
104.8 
105.4  ; 

104.0 
105.  0 
105.  8 
106.  0 
105.  8 
103.8 

11  a.  m  

1  p.  m  

3  p.  m  

5  p.  m... 

7  p.  m  

Total  

623.  6 

630.4 

630.4-623.6=6.8 
6.  8-f-6=l.  13J 

We  see  here  that  a  persistent  difference  of  1.13^  degree*  was  present 
in  this  hog  between  the  two  days,  notwithstanding  that  the  difference 
between  the  maximum  temperature  recorded  for  each  of  the  two  days 
shows  a  difference  of  only  0.6  degree. 

If  we  apply  this  same  test  to  hog  No.  1876,  the  maximum  tempera- 
ture of  which  on  the  &\y  after  injection  was  1.6  degrees  higher  than 
on  the  previous  da}^  we  find  that  the  persistent  difference  is  only 
0.26f  degree.  Hence  the  great  difference  between  the  maximum 
records  for  the  two  days  is  dependent  upon  one  erratic  elevation  on 
the  day  after  injection,  which  should  have  no  diagnostic  significance. 

Hog  No.  1853  was  tuberculous  and  hog  No.  1876  was  healthy. 

If  we  apply  this  system  of  averaging  the  temperature  to  all  the 
hogs,  and  leave  the  question  of  elevation  to  any  particular  point  and 
the  difference  between  daily  maximum  records  entirely  out  of  consid- 
eration, and  insist  on  a  persistent  elevation  of  only  1  degree  after 
injection,  we  will  find  that  among  our  68  tuberculin  tests  only  two 
failures  occurred,  hog  No.  1790,  which  failed  to  react  in  the  presence 
of  tuberculosis,  and  hog  No.  1895,  which  reacted  in  the  absence  of 
tuberculosis. 

For  averaging  the  temperature  in  this  manner  it  is  necessary  to  use 
the  same  number  of  records  for  each  day  of  the  test,  and  preferably 
records  made  at  corresponding  hours.  When  the  same  number  of 
records  have  not  been  made  on  each  of  the  two  days  the  sum  for  each 
day  must  first  be  divided  by  the  number  of  records  of  which  it  con- 
sists and  the  subtraction  made  afterwards;  that  is,  a  simple  method 
of  subtracting  the  average  temperature  of  one  day  from  the  average 
of  the  other  must  be  used. 

The  following  table  is  based  on  the  suggestion  made  regarding  the 
hours  at  which  the  temperature  of  hogs  should  be  token  during  a 
practical  tuberculin  test;  that  is,  the  reactions  and  failures  to  react 
are  presented  in  the  table  by  using  only  the  temperature  recorded  in 
the  general  temperature  tables  for  the  tenth,  twelfth,  fourteenth,  six- 

1880— No.  88—06 3 


16 


THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 


teenth,  eighteenth,  and  twentieth  hours  after  injection   with  tuber- 
culin, and  the  corresponding  hours  on  the  day  before  injection: 

Results  of  texts  compiled  on  basis  proposed  for  practical  tests. 


Number  of  hog. 

Maximum  temper- 
ature. 

Eleva- 
tion of 
tempera- 
ture in 
degrees 

Reaction 
(  +  ),or 
absence 
of  reac- 
tion (-). 
(°) 

Remarks.6 

Before 
injec- 
tion. 

After  in- 
jection. 

1853... 

°JP. 

105.4 
105.4 
104.0 
103.6 
103.4 
103.6 
102.4 
103.  2 
103.0 
103.4 
103.4 
103.6 
103.8 
103.0 
103.2 

103.8 
103.2 
103.  6 
f      103.  0 

101.6 

104.2 
\      103.  6 
103.4 
103.2 
102.8 
103.6 
103.6 
102.  4 
103.4 
103.0 
103.4 
103.0 
103.  4 
103.8 
103.8 
103.6 
103.8 
103.4 
102.6 
102.  6 
103.  0 
102.4 
102.  0 
101.6 
103.  2 
102.6 
103.  6 
102.  2 
102.8 
103.2 

o  F 
106.0 
107.2 
106.2 
106.  2 
105.0 
104.0 
105.6 
107.4 
107.2 
107.6 
106.6 
106.6 
104.2 
103.  2 
105.0 

103.4 
103.6 
106.4 
103.8 

105.0 

104.6 
106.6 
103.2 
103.2 
102.8 
102.6 
103.6 
104.0 
103.6 
102.4 
103.0 
102.  8 
103.2 
102.4 
103.6 
103.  6 
103.8 
102.8 
106.  2 
103.8 
105.2 
105.6 
105.  6 
102.8 
106.0 
105.  6 
106.  0 
105.  0 
106.  4 
106.2 

6.6 
1.8 
2.2 
2.6 
1.6 
0.4 
3.2 
4.2 
4.2 
4.2 
3.2 
3.0 
0.4 
0.2 
1.8 

-0.4 
0.4 
2.8 
0.8 

3.4 

0.4 
3.0 
-0.2 
0.0 
0.0 
-1.0 
0.0 
1.6 
0.2 
-0.6 
-0.4 
-0.2 
0  2 

c  + 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
.    + 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

Tuberculous. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Health?. 
Tuberculous. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Healthy. 
Do. 
Probably  tuberculous,  diagnosis  doubt- 
ful. 
Healthy. 
Do. 
Tuberculous. 
First  test;  probably  not  tuberculous  nt 
this  time. 
Second  test;    recent   tuberculosis   from 
feeding  experiment. 
First  test;  same  as  hog  No.  1843. 
Second  test;  same  as  hog  No.  1843. 
Healthy,  alive. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Tuberculous. 
Do. 
D.). 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

1854 

1&55  

1856 

1857                 

1858  

1815 

1846      

1847 

1848 

1840  

1850 

1837                

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842  

1843 

1844 

1877.   . 

1878  

1879  

1874  

1875  

1876  

1880 

+ 

d- 

+ 
+ 
+ 
rt. 

1881 

1883  

1884 

1885  

1886  

-1.4 
-0.2 
0.0 
0.0 
-0.6 
3.6 
1.2 
2.2 
3.2 
3.6 
1.2 
2.8 
3.0 
2.4 
2.8 
3.6 
3.0 

1887 

1888  . 

1889  

1891 

1751  

1754  

1755  
1772  

1783  

1790  

179S  

+• 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

1M01 

1803  
1805  

1809. 

1811... 

"The  presence  of  a  reaction  is  based  on  the  elevation  of  the  temperature  on  the  day  after  injection 
to  at  least  one  degree  above  the  maximum  temperature  of  the  previous  day,  and  an  actual  elevation 
of  the  temperature  to  105.0°  F. 

t>  Excepting  when  the  statement  is  made  that  the  hog  is  alive,  the  condition  relative  to  the  presence 
or  absence  of  disease  was  determined  by  a  postmortem  examination. 

cThis  one  animal  is  made  an  exception  to  the  above  rule  (a)  because  of  the  extremely  high  tem- 
perature before  injection  with  tuberculin  Errors  of  diagnosis  would  probably  be  reduced  if  hogs 
with  temperatures  above  105°  F.  were  excluded  from  the  tuberculin  test. 

dHogs  Nos.  1754  and  1790,  according  to  the  foregoing  rule(a)  for  determining  thepresencc  orabsence 
of  a  reaction,  are  the  only  cases  among  the  total  of  68  tuberculin  tests  made  and  presented  that  failed 
to  show  a  temperature  condition  in  harmony  with  the  presence  or  absence  of  tuberculosis.  The 
results  show  that  when  the  hogs  are  handled  with  care,  and  the  temperature  is  taken  at  intervals  of 
two  hours  only  six  times  before  injection  and  again  at  intervals  of  two  hours  six  times  after  injection, 
the  reliability  of  the  tuberculin  test  for  hogs  is  97+  per  cent. 


SOME   METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  17 

Results  of  tests  compiled  on  basis  proposed  for  practical  tests — Continued. 


Number  of  hog. 

Maximum  temper- 
ature. 

Eleva- 
tion of 
tempera- 
ture in 
degrees 
F. 

Reaction 
(  +  ),or 
absence 
of  reac- 
tion (-). 

Remarks. 

Before 
injec- 
tion. 

After  in- 
jection. 

1383  

o  p 

ioi.8 

102.0 
103.  0 
101.4 
101.8 
102.  6 
102.2 
102.2 
105.0 
103.  2 
103.4 
103.4 
104.4 
102.  0 
103.6 
103.4 
102.  2 
102.  6 

0  F. 
101.4 
102.0 
102.4 
102.0 
102.0 
101.4 
103.8 
101.4 
103.2 
103.4 
106.4 
106.4 
105.4 
106.4 
105.6 
105.  4 
101.6 
103.0 

0  F. 
0  4 

- 

Healthy,  alive. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Healthy  on  autopsy. 
Healthy,  alive. 
Do. 
Do. 
Second  test;  tuberculous. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Second  test;  healthy. 
Do. 

1384                .     .  .. 

0.0 
-0.6 
0.6 
0.2 
-1.2 
1.6 
-0.8 
0.2 
0.2 
3.0 
3.0 
1.0 
4.4 
2,0 
2.0 
0  6 

1385  

1399 

1446 

- 

1527  

1895  

18% 

1897 

1898        

1854  

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

1855.  

1866               ...     . 

1846.   ..            

1848  

1849 

1838 

1840  

—0.4 

— 

COMPARATIVE   VARIATION   IN   TEMPERATURES  OF   HOGS,  OTHER  ANIMALS, 

AND   MEN. 

The  readiness  with  which  the  temperature  of  hogs  rises  and  its 
erratic  character  is  probably,  in  addition  to  other  causes,  to  a  great 
extent  dependent  upon  the  fact  that  they  have  relativehr  small  lungs. 
When  we  think  of  the  enormous  surface  that  is  exposed  in  the  res- 
piratoiy  passages  to  the  air  we  breathe,  and  the  remarkable  vascu- 
larity  of  this  surface,  we  can  not  fail  to  receive  the  impression  that 
one  of  the  important  functions  of  the  organs  of  respiration  is  to  aid  in 
the  regulation  of  the  bodily  temperature.  The  lung  and  the  upper 
air  passages  are  as  nicely  adapted  for  removing  heat  from  the  body, 
or  for  effecting  the  escape  of  the  heat  that  is  generated  during  the 
various  metabolic  processes,  as  an  extensive  network  of  pipes  con- 
stantly immersed,  in  order  to  cool  their  contents,  in  a  moving  fluid  of 
low  temperature.  The  air  we  inspire  is  comparatively  cool  and  dry; 
the  air  we  expire  is  comparatively  warm  and  moist;  hence,  the  cool- 
ing process  is  dependent  both  upon  the  absorption  of  heat  and  upon 
the  vaporization  and  the  absorption  by  the  air  of  moisture. 

Panting  or  rapid  breathing  after  exercise  and  during  fever  is  less 
due  to  the  need  for  an  increased  supply  of  oxygen  than  to  an  effort  on 
the  part  of  the  respiratory  organs  to  hasten  the  escape  of  heat. 
F.  Smith,  in  his  work  on  physiology,  asserts  that  the  percentage  of 
oxygen  lost  and  carbonic  acid  gained  by  the  expired  air  during  heavy 
work  may  fall  below  that  observed  in  a  state  of  repose,  and  attributes 
this  circumstance  to  the  larger  volume  of  air  that  passes  to  and  from 
the  lung. 


18 


THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 


It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  temperature  of  man  is  more  con- 
stant than  that  of  the  lower  animals;  in  his  case  a  variation  from  the 
normal,  which  is  a  definitely  established  mark  dealing  with  fractions 
of  a  degree,  is  either  of  very  short  duration  or  positively  signifies 
that  an  abnormal  process  is  active  in  his  body.  The  reason  for  this  is 
clearly  apparent — a  large  respiratory  surface,  and  an  active,  normally, 
almost  bare  or  artificially  covered  skin.  Among  the  domestic  animals 
the  horse,  with  its  large  lung  and  its  active  but  covered  skin,  has  a 
temperature  that  ranks  next  to  that  of  man  in  regularity;  and  the  hog, 
with  its  fat  covered  body,  inert  skin,  and  small  lung,  stands  prac- 
tically at  the  very  end  of  the  line  of  temperature  constancy  and 
regularity. 

The  following  experiment  was  made  to  obtain  further  information 
on  this  point,  and  gives  an  emphatic  illustration  of  the  greater  effect 
of  exercise  on  the  temperature  of  hogs  than  on  that  of  man  and  other 
animals. 

2  hogs  were  driven  200  meters  ( J  mile  «)  in  4  minutes. 
2  men  ran  400  meters  (^  mile)  in  3  minutes. 
2  horses  were  ridden  800  meters  ( 5  mile)  in  3  minutes. 
2  cattle  were  driven  800  meters  (J  mile)  in  5  minutes. 

The  temperature  records  were  as  follows: 

Tlie  temperatures  of  hogs,  men,  horses,  and  cattle  before,  and  after  exercise. 


Hogs. 

Men. 

Horses. 

Cattle. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

Before  exercise  

102.0 
106.4 
106.4 
106.2 
104.  6 
104.1 
103.8 

102.6 
106.0 
105.  8 
104.8 
104.4 
104.1 
103.6 

98.2 
98.8 
99.0 
98.6 
98.6 
98.6 
98.6 

98.4 
98.7 
98.6 
98.4 
98.4 
98.4 
98.4 

100.2 
100.6 
101.4 
101.4 
101.2 
101.0 
100.6 

99.9 
100.6 
101.3 
101.2 
101.0 
101.0 
100.8 

101.0 
101.  2 
101.8 
102.  0 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.  0 

102.0 
102.  8 
103.0 
103.0 
103.0 
102.  6 
102.4 

Immediately  after  . 

5  minutes  after 

10  minutes  after  

20  minutes  after 

30  minutes  after. 

60  minutes  after  

The  temperature  of  the  two  hogs  the  day  following  that  on  which 
the  exercise  was  received,  after  they  had  been  confined  between 
eighteen  and  twenty  hours  in  crates  of  the  kind  previously  described, 
was:  No.  1, 101.8°  F. ;  No.  2,  102.4°  F.  The  crates,  immediately  after 
this  temperature  was  taken,  with  the  hogs  in  them,  were  carefully 
lifted  on  a  farm  wagon  and  carried  on  the  wagon  back  to  the  pens  in 
which  the  hogs  belonged,  a  distance  of  200  meters,  or  one-eighth  of  a 
mile.  As  a  result  of  the  attendant  excitement  for  the  hogs,  their  tem- 
perature was  raised:  No.  1  to  102. -1°  F.,  and  No.  2  to  103.2°  F.,  an 
increase,  respectively,  of  0.6°  and  0.8°  F.  The  hogs  were  carefully 
taken  from  the  crates,  and  just  before  releasing  them  in  the  pens 
their  temperature  was  taken  again,  and  was  found  to  be:  No.  1, 


«This  figure  is  not  absolutely  correct, 
mile  660  feet. 


200  meters  contain  656. 166-f  feet,  and 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS. 


19 


103.3°  F.,  and  No.  2,  103. 8°  F.;  a  further  increase  of  0.9°  and  0.6°  F., 
respectively.  The  whole  process,  taking  temperature,  moving  the 
hogs,  and  turning  them  back  into  the  pens,  was  accomplished  in  about 
thirty  minutes,  and  was  done  in  a  quiet  and  methodical  manner,  and 
yet  caused  an  increase  in  the  temperature  of  the  hogs,  for  No.  1  of 
1.5°  F.,  and  for  No.  2  of  IA°  F. 

The  effect  of  the  exercise  on  the  respiration  of  the  men  and  several 
animals  was  as  follows: 


• 

Xumberof  respirations 
per  minute. 

Approximate  increase  of  volume  of 
air  breathed  with  each  inspiration 
after  exercise. 

Before  ex- 
ercise. 

After  ex- 
ercise. 

Hogs  .. 

40  to  50 
18  to  20 
12  to  14 
10  to  20 

50  to  f>0 
28  to  30 
40  to  50 
70  to  80 

Four  to  five  times  the  normal. 
Three  to  four  times  the  normal. 
No  apparent  increase. 
Do 

Men 

Horses    .  .      .           

Cattle  

The  effect  on  the  respiration  endured  much  longer  with  the  hogs 
than  with  the  men  and  other  animals.  The  effect  on  the  horses  was  of 
very  short  duration  relative  to  the  number  of  respirations,  but  before 
the  breathing  became  entirely  normal  for  a  state  of  rest  the  increased 
rapidity  was  changed  to  an  increased  depth.  The  volume  of  air 
breathed  by  the  cattle  with  each  inspiration  remained  apparently 
constant. 

It  was  impossible  to  obtain  a  record  of  the  pulse  beats  for  the  hogs. 
The  men  showed  an  average  increase  from  78  beats  per  minute  to  130, 
the  horses  from  36  to  70,  and  the  cattle  from  -i-t  to  96.  The  return  of 
the  pulse  and  respiration  to  the  normal  for  a  state  of  rest  was  practi- 
cally parallel. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  energy  required  to  do  work  increases 
very  rapidly  as  the  time  in  which  it  is  done  diminishes.  For  this 
reason,  when  the  value  of  the  results  given  in  the  tables  is  estimated, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  work  done  by  the  men  in  three 
minutes  is  twice  that  done  by  the  hogs  in  four  minutes,  that  done  by 
the  horses  is  four  times  as  much  in  three  minutes,  and  that  by  the 
cattle  four  times  as  much  in  five  minutes. 

The  hogs  used  in  this  test  were  ordinary  young  farm  animals  of  the 
kind  and  in  the  condition  commonly  found  on  American  farms.  The 
men  were  a  clerk  who  leads  a  very  sedentary  life  (No.  1)  and  a  laborer 
(No.  2).  Both  men  were  thoroughly  exhausted  after  the  run,  from 
what  was  for  them  an  unusual  form  of  exercise.  The  horses  were  a 
pair  of  heavy,  quite  fat,  work  animals,  and  did  a  kind  of  work  to 
which  they  are  accustomed,  but  did  it  at  more  than  double  the  usual 
speed,  and  each  horse  carried  on  its  back  a  man  whose  weight  was  at 
least  175  pounds.  The  cattle  were  a  cow  (No.  1)  that  had  not  been  out 


20  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

of  her  stall  for  several  months  and  a  heifer  (No.  2)  that  was  daily 
turned  out  in  a  small  pasture. 

The  increase  of  temperature  because  of  the  exercise  was  as  follows: 

Hogs — 

No.  1,  from  102.0  to  106.4=4.4  degrees. 

No.  2,  from  102.6  to  106.0=3.4  degrees. 
Men — 

No.  1,  from  98.2  to  99.0=0.8  degree. 

No.  2,  from  98.4  to  98.7=0.3  degree. 
Horses — 

No.  1,  from  100.2  to  101.4=1.2  degrees. 

No.  2,  from    99.9  to  101.3=1.4  degrees. 
Cattle- 
No.  1,  from  101.0  to  102.0=1.0  degree. 

No.  2,  from  102.0  to  103.0=1.0  degree. 

The  exercise  given  the  horses — two  fat,  slow,  work  horses,  each 
with  a  heavy  man  on  its  back,  going  half  a  mile  at  the  rate  of  10  miles 
an  hour — is  greatly  in  excess  of  that  done  by  the  men  or  the  other 
animals,  and  consequently  next  to  the  hogs,  they  show  the  greatest 
elevation  of  temperature;  but  even  in  their  case  the  elevation  is  incom- 
parably less  than  in  the  hogs.  If  a  walk,  lasting  four  minutes,  in 
which  the  distance  covered  is  only  one-eighth  of  a  mile  (the  speed 
being  less  than  2  miles  per  hour),  can  elevate  the  temperature  of  a 
hog  as  much  as  3.4  to  4.4  degrees  (and  that  this  is  just  what  does  occur 
we  have  experimentally  demonstrated),  our  reiterated  caution  that 
hogs  must  be  kept  quiet,  beginning  some  time  before  and  during  the 
entire  course  of  a  tuberculin  test,  will  bear  still  another  repetition. 
Without  quiet  an  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  will  be  found  to 
be  a  hopeless,  thankless,  and  unsatisfactory  task  from  which  no  results 
can  be  gained,  and  which  can  lead  to  nothing  but  useless  labor  and  a 
confused  lot  of  temperature  records  from  which  no  conclusions  can  be 
drawn.  On  the  other  hand,  the  tests  we  have  made  and  presented 
clearhy  show  that  the  tuberculin  test  has  a  high  value,  closely  approach- 
ing absolute  accuracy,  when  the  hogs  are  treated  in  conformity  with 
our  suggestions. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS. 
TEMPERATURE   AND   AUTOPSY    RECORDS. 


21 


The  temperature  records  of  all  the  hogs  tested  and  the  autopsy 
records  of  the  33  hogs  that  were  killed  and  examined  postmortem 
follow: 

TEMPERATURE  TABLES. 

Table  showing  tlte  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection. 


HOG  NO.  1853  (T). 

HOG  NO.  1855.     (T.) 

Hour. 

Feb.  14, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  15, 
lifter  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  16, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Feb.  14, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  15, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  16, 
after  in- 
jection. 

lam 

°F. 

°F. 
104.4 
103.4 
102.6 
103.0 
103.  2 
104.0 
102.  4 
104.8 
104.0 
105.  (i 
105.  0 
105.6 
105.8 
106.  0 
106.0 
106.0 
105.8 
105.0 
103  8 

°F. 

103.4 
104.4 
104.6 
104.6 
103.0 
103.2 
103.0 
103.  4 
103.  6 
104.0 
103.8 
104.6 
104.2 
104.0 
104.0 
103.8 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

oF 
104.0 
104.6 
104.0 
105.  0 
105  4 

°F. 

104.6 
104.6 
105.  6 
104.6 
104.0 
104.0 
104.2 
103.6 
104.4 
103.6 
104.0 
104.0 
104.2 
104.2 
103.8 
104.0 

2am 

2  a.  m 

3am 

4  a.  m 

6  a.  rn 

6  a.  m  

106.  2 
106.2 
106.0 

106.  4 
106.2 
106.0 
106.4 
106.2 
106.6 
106.2 
107.0 
105.  4 
106.0 
105.  8 
105.  8 
106.0 
106.0 
105.  0 
105.6 

7  a.  m 

102.0 
102.6 
103.8 
103.6 
102.  6 
103.0 
103.4 
104.2 
105.0 
104.8 
105.4 
105  4 

8  n.  m 

104.6 
103.8 
103.4 
103.8 
103.8 
103.8 
103.4 
103.6 
103.6 
103.8 
103.6 
104.0 
104.2 
103.8 
104.  6 
a  104.  6 
104.2 

9am 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

10  a.  in  :. 

11  a.  m 

11  a.  m  

12  m  

12  m  

1pm 

1  p.  m  . 

2  p.  m 

2  p.  m  . 

3  p..m  . 

3  p.  m  

4pm 

5  p.  m  

5  p.  m  

6  r>  m  . 

6pm 

8  p.  m 

105.  0 
104.6 
104.0 
a  104.  2 
104.0 

102.6 
104.4 
105.  6 
103.  2 
103.4 

8  D.  m  .  . 

9  p.  m  

9  D.  m  

10  p  m 

10  p.m 

llpm 

11  r>.  m  .  . 

12  p.  m  

12  p.  m  

HOG  NO.  1854  (T)  . 


HOC  NO.  1856.     (T.) 


1  a.  m 

OF. 

104  0 

2  a.  m  

105.  0 

3  a.  m  

104.4 

4  a.  m  

104.2 

5  a.  m  . 

105  0 

6  a.m  

104  4 

7  a.  m  

105.  4 

8  a.m  

1C4.0 

105.  2 

9  a.  m 

104  4 

105  4 

10  a.  m  . 

104.  6 

106  0 

11  a.  m  

104.  6 

106.  2 

12  m  

104.0 

107.8 

1  p.  m 

103  8 

106  8 

2  p.  m  . 

103.4 

107.2 

3  p.  m  

103.4 

107.2 

4  p.  m  ... 

105.  0 

106.8 

5  p.  m 

105  4 

105  8 

6  p.  m  

104.8 

106.6 

7  p.  m  

105.  0 

106.0 

8  p.  m  ... 

104  4 

106  0 

9  p.  m  

103.8 

107.0 

10  p  m 

104  4 

106  2 

11  p.  m 

0104.2 

106  4 

12  p.  m  

104.6 

106.0 

°F. 

105  6 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

102.  8 

°F. 
104.4 

105  4 

103  0 

103  8 

105  6 

3  i.  m 

103  2 

102  4 

104  6 

4  i.  m 

103.0 

102.2 

104  8 

5  i.  m  

102.  6 

102.8 

104  6 

6  i.  in  

.      103.  6 

102.  2 

104  6 

7am 

104  6 

102.4 

104  2 

8  i.m 

102.2 

105.0 

102.  2 

104  2 

9  i.  m  .     . 

102.  2 

106.2 

102.  6 

104.0 

10  a.m  

102.  8 

105.  8 

102.  6 

103.8 
104.2 
104  0 

11  a.m  
12m  

1  p.  m  .  . 

103.  6 
103.  0 
102.  8 

106.  2 
10<i.  0 
105.  8 

103.6 
103.6 
103.8 

104  0 

10'^  2 

105  8 

103  4 

104  2 

3  p  in 

103  4 

106  0 

103.4 

104  0 

4  p  m 

103  4 

106.  0 

104.0 

5  p  m  . 

103.0 

105.  2 

6  p.  in  .   .         .     

102.  6 

105.  0 

103  4 

104  4 

8  p  m 

103.0 

104.2 

9  p.  m 

103.0 

104.4 

10  p  m 

102  6 

104  4 

11  p  m 

1  102.  6 

104.0 

12  ]>.  m 

103.  0 

104.8 

a  Injected  with  J  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 

NOTE. — The  letter  (T)  placed  after  the  number  of  a  hog  signifies  that  it  was  found  to  be  affected 
with  tuberculosis  when  examined  postmortem.  The  letter  (H)  after  the  number  of  a  hog  signifies 
that  it  was  found  to  be  free  from  tuberculous  disease  on  postmortem  examination.  The  letter  (A) 
after  the  number  of  a  hog  signifies  that  it  is  alive,  and  without  doubt  free  from  tuberculosis  or  other 
disease. 


22  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF   HOGS. 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOC 

NO.  1857 

(T.) 

HOG 

NO.  1845. 

(T.) 

Feh.  14, 

Feb.  15, 

Feb.  16, 

Feb.  20, 

Feb.  21, 

Feb.  22, 

Hour. 

before  in- 
jection. 

after  in- 
jection. 

after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

before  in- 
jection. 

after  in- 
jection. 

after  in- 
jection. 

°F. 

°F. 
103.2 

°F. 
103.6 

1  a.  m                  

0  F. 
100.4 

°F. 

101.0 

o  p 
104  4 

2  a.  m           .  .      .  . 

103.  2 

104.0 

2  a.  m  

100.2 

100.8 

104.4 

103.2 

104  0 

3  a  m 

100.6 

100  4 

104  6 

4  a.  m 

104.4 

103.4 

4  a.  m  

100.6 

100.6 

104.4 

103  4 

103  8 

101.  2 

102  0 

104  4 

Cam 

102.6 

103.6 

6  a.  m 

101.2 

102.  4 

104  4 

7  a.  m     

102.  C 

104.0 

7  a.  m  

101.2 

102.  0 

104.0 

Sam 

103.0 

103.0 

103  8 

8am 

102.  4 

102  6 

104  !i 

9  a.  m 

103.4 

103.6 

104.0 

9  a.  m  

102.4 

103.0 

10  a  m 

103  6 

104  2 

103  4 

10  a.  m 

101.4 

104  4 

11  a  m 

103.  0 

104.0 

101.0 

11  a.  m  . 

101.4 

104.4 

12m  

103.4 

104.6 

103.  2 

12  m  

102.  0 

104.8 

1pm 

102.0 

104.6 

103  8 

1pm 

101.6 

105  2 

2  p.  m 

102.  2 

104.6 

103.6 

2  p.  m  

101.6 

105.0 

102  6 

104  0 

103  2 

101  8 

105  6 

4  p.  in 

103.6 

104.2 

103.  4 

4  p.  m                 .   . 

102.2 

103  2 

5  p.  m 

103.  0 

103.6 

5  p.  m  

102.  4 

103.2 

6pm 

102  6 

104.0 

- 

G  p  m 

101.8 

104  4 

7pm 

103.  2 

105.0 

7  p.  m     

101.8 

104.4 

102  6 

103  8 

101  6 

105  2 

9pm 

103.0 

104.4 

9  p  in 

101.4 

104  4 

10  p.  m    . 

102.6 

104.4 

10  p.  m  

101.4 

104.8 

«  102.  2 

104  '2 

<«  101  6 

105  0 

12  p.  m 

103.2 

101.0 

12  p.  m  .  .  .        

101.6 

104  8 

HOG 

NO.  1858. 

(H.) 

HOG 

NO.  1846 

(T.) 

1  a.  m    

OJ, 

°F. 

103.4 

104.2 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

102.4 

102.0 

105.0 

2am 

103.4 

104.0 

2  a.  m 

102.  6 

102.  2 

104.6 

103  2 

104  0 

101  2 

102  0 

104  0 

4  a.  m  

103.0 

101.0 

4  a.  m  

102.4 

102.  2 

104.0 

5  a.  m 

103.8 

104  0 

5  a.  m 

102.  6 

102.  6 

103  8 

6  a.  m  

103.8 

104.0 

6  a.  m  

102.4 

104.6 

103.6 

7  a  in 

103  6 

104  2 

7am 

102  4 

105  8 

103  2 

8  a.  m 

103  2 

103.6 

103.6 

8am 

102.8 

106.6 

103  2 

9  a.  m  

102.8 

103.  4 

101.0 

9  a.  m  

103.2 

107.0 

10  a  in 

103  4 

•    103  2 

103  2 

10  a  m 

103  0 

107  0 

11  a.  m 

103  2 

103.6 

104  0 

31  a.  m            .  . 

102.  8 

107.2 

12  m  

103.2 

103.8 

103.  4 

12m  

102.4 

107.6 

1pm 

103  0 

103  4 

102  8 

1pm 

102  4 

107  4 

2pm    . 

102  6 

104  4 

103.  4 

2  p.  m 

102.4 

IOC)  8 

3  p.  m  

103.  6 

104;$ 

103.  4 

3  p.  m  

102.0 

107.4 

4pm 

103  4 

104  0 

103  2 

102  6 

107  0 

6  p.  m 

103.4 

104.0 

5  p.  m 

102.2 

106.4 

6  p.  m  

103.6 

104.2 

6  p.  m  

102.  2 

106.  6 

7pm 

103.6 

104  0 

7pm 

101  8 

106  4 

8  p.  m  ...  . 

104.0 

103.4 

8  p.  m  . 

102.0 

105.  8 

9  p.  m  

103.6 

104.4 

9  p.  m  

101.8 

105.  8 

10  p.  in  .. 

103  2 

104.6 

10  p  in 

101  (i 

104  8 

11  p.  m  

a  103.  r, 

104.4 

lip.  in 

«101.4 

104.6 

12  p  m 

103  8 

103.8 

12  p  m 

102  0 

105  0 

"Injected  with  £  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  23 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hoys  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1847.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.  1849.     (T.) 

Hour. 

Feb.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  22, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  20,      F 
Hour.              before  in-  af 
jection.     je 

3b.  21,     Feb.  22, 
ter  in-    after  in- 
ction.     jection. 

°F. 

100.4 
101.2 
102.0 
101.6 
101.2 
101.2 
101.6 
102.0 
103.0 
102.2 
102.8 
102.  2 
102.4 
102.4 
102.2 
102.  8 
102.4 
102.2 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
101.6 
o  102.  2 
101.6 

°F. 
101.4 
101.6 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.  4 
103.0 
104.0 
106.2 
105.6 
106.4 
107.0 
107.0 
107.2 
106.4 
107.0 
106.6 
106.4 
106.4 
106.  2 
106.0 
105.4 
106.  4 
106.2 
106.8 

°F. 
106.2 
106.0 
106.  0 
106.  0 
105.  8 
105.8 
104.6 
104.2 

°F. 
1  a.  m  101.2 

°F.             °F. 
102.  0            105.  8 
101.8  -        105.2 
102.  2             104.  8 
102.2             104.6 
102.6             104.6 
103.  0            104.  2 
103.2            103.4 
103.4             103.6 
104.0  ' 

2am 

2  a.  m  101.2 

3  a.  m                 ... 

3  a.  m  101.4 

4a.m...                          102.0 

5  fi.  m 

5  a.  m  101.6 

6  a.  m                                102  2 

7  a.  m  .                             102.  6 

8  a.  m 

8  a.  m  102.  8 

9  a.  m 

9  a.  m  103.  4 

10  a.  m  . 

10  a.  m  102.  8 

1Q5.0 

1  1  n  .  m  .                             1  02.  fi 

105  8 

12  m 

j    12  in  102.  8 

106.0 

1  p.    Tl 

1  p.  m  102.  6 

106.0 

2  p.  11  . 

2  D.  in  102.4 

106.2 

3  p.  n  

3  p.  m  102.  2 

106.0    ... 

4  p.  11 

4  p.  m  102.  4 

105.8 

5  p.  n 

5  p.  m  103.  0 
6  n.  m  ..                             103.0 

106.6 

6  p.  n  .. 

107.0 

7  p.  ri  

,    7  p.  m  102.  6 

106.0    

8  p.  n 

8  n.  m  .    .                             10'>  4 

106.0 

9  p.  n 

9  p.  m  102.  4 
10p.ni  102.2 

105.8 

10  p.  m  . 

106.0    . 

11  p.  m  

11  p.  m  «102.2 

106.0 

12  p.  m 

12  p.  m  ...        .                102.  4 

105  2 

HOG  NO.  1848.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.  1850.     (T.) 

1  a.  m     

°F. 

102.4 
102.  4 
102.8 
102.8 
102.  8 
102.8 
102.6 
103.0 
103.4 
103.0 
102.  8 
102.  6 
102.  6 
102.  8 
102.  8 
102.  6 
103.  2 
102.  8 
103.0 
102.8 
102.0 
102.4 
ol02.0 
102.4 

Of 

102.  4 
102.8 
103.6 
103.4 
104.8 
106.0 
106.2 
106.  2 
106.6 
107.  2 
107.  2 
107.4 
107.0 
107.  6 
107.6 
105.6 
106.  4 
106.4 
106.4 
106.0 
105.8 
104.8 
104.4 
104.0 

°F. 
103.4 
103.  6 
103.  2 
103.  2 
102.  2 
102.  4 
103.  2 
103.4 

°F. 
1  a.  m                                102  2 

°F.              °F. 
102.4             106.2 
102.  4             106.  0 
102.  6            105.  4 
102.  8             105.  2 
102.  6             105.  4 
103.0            104.8 
103.  4             104.  8 
104.0             104.8 
105  0 

2  a.  in  

2  a.  m                                  102  4 

3  a.  m  

3  a.  m                                102.2 

4  a.  m  

4  a.  m  102  4 

5  a.  m 

5am                            -    10''  4 

6  a.  m  

6am                                102  8  ; 

7  a.  m  

7  a.  m                                102  6 

8  a.  m  

8  a.  m                                103  4 

9  a.  m  

9a.m.       ...                103.  6 

10  a.  m  ...   . 

1  0  a    m                                       1  0>t  n 

105  4  ' 

11  a.  m  

11  a  m                              103  0 

105  6 

12m  

'    12  m                                    102  8 

106  2  ' 

1  p.  m  

1  p.  m         .                        102.  4 

105.6 

2  p.  m  

2  p.  m    '        102.  8 

106.6 

3  p.  m  

3pm                                103  2 

106  4 

4  p.  m  

4  p  m                                102  8 

106  0 

5  p.  m  

5  p.  m                                102.  8 

105  0 

6  p.  m  

6  p.  m                                 102.  2 

106.4 

7  p.  m  

7  p  m                                ]0'>  0 

106  6 

8  p.  m  

8  p  m                                 102  2 

106  4 

9  p.  m  

9r>  m                                      10-2  4 

106.6 

10  p.  in  . 

10  p  in                              10''  2 

106  0 

11  p.  m  

11  D  m                               a  10-2.  4 

106.0    .   .     . 

12  p.  m  

12  p.  m  102.6 

106  0 

"Injected  with 
1880—  JSo.  88—06  -  i 


c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


24  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG 

NO.  1837 

(H.) 

HOG 

NO.  1839. 

(?)6 

Hour. 

Feb.  27, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  28, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  1, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Feb.  27, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  28, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  1, 
after  in- 
jection. 

1  a.  m  

°F. 
102.4 

°F. 
103.2 

°F. 
102.6 

1  a.  m  

°F. 
102.4 

°F. 

103.6 

°F. 
102.  6 

'1  a  m           

101.6 

102.4 

102.6 

2  a.  m  

101.4 

102  2 

103  0 

3am 

102.  2 

102  4 

103.2 

3  a.  m 

102  0 

102  6 

103  6 

102.6 

102.4 

102.6 

4  a.  m  

103  4 

102  4 

104  2 

5  a.  m  

102.6 

102.4 

102.4 

5  a.  m  

102.4 

103.4 

103  6 

6am 

102.  6 

102  4 

102.  2 

6  a.  m             . 

102.2 

104  0 

103  6 

7am    

102.6 

103.2 

102.0 

7  a.  m  

103.4 

103.6 

104  2 

8  a.  m  

102.  8 

104,2 

8  a.  m  

103.8 

103.6 

103.4 

104.2 

9  a.  m    ... 

103  2 

104  0 

10  a  m       

102.6 

103.4 

10  a.  m  

102.4 

104  2 

103.  2 

104  0 

Ham 

102  8 

103  8 

12  m 

102.4 

103.6 

12  in  

103  0 

104  2 

lp  m  

103.8 

103.6 

1  p.  m  

102.4 

104.0 

2pm 

103.2 

103  0 

2  p.  m 

102  0 

105  0 

3pm          

103.0 

103.0 

3  p.  m  .  .             

102  8 

104  6 

4  n    m  

103.4 

103.6 

4  p.  m  

102.  0 

104.6 

on.  m  

103.4 

103.4 

5  p.  m  

102.0 

105.0 

6  p  ni           

102.8 

102.6 

6  p.  m  

102.0 

103  4 

7  D.  m 

102.4 

103.0 

7  p.  m  

101.8 

103.6 

102.  6 

103  0 

8  p.m 

102  0 

103  4 

9  p  m     

102.0 

102.8 

9  p.  m  

101.8 

104  0 

10  p.  m  

103.2 

102.  4 

10  p.m  

102.4 

104.6 

11  p  m 

a  103.  6 

102.4 

11  p.  m  

a  102.  0 

103  4 

12  p.  m  

103.8 

102.4 

12  p.m  

103.0 

103.6 

HOG 

NO.  1838 

(H.) 

HOG 

NO.  1840. 

(H.) 

1  a  m  

°F. 
102.0 

°F. 
102.  0 

°F. 
101.6 

1  a.m  

°F. 
103.4 

103.0 

103.0 

?  a   m 

101.6 

101.6 

102.0 

2  a.m  

103  0 

102  8 

102  4 

y,  \   ni          

101.2 

101,6 

102.2 

3  a.  m  

103.0 

103.0 

102.  8 

101  0 

101.4 

101.8 

4a.m. 

103  0 

102  4 

103  0 

101.4 

101.8 

102.  0 

5  a.  m  

103.0 

102  4 

103.0 

6  a.  m             

102.4 

102.  4 

102.4 

6  a.  m  

103.2 

102.4 

102.4 

102.6 

102.4 

102.0 

7  a.  m  

103  2 

103  4 

102.  8 

Sam 

102.8 

103.0 

8  a.  m  

103.6 

103.0 

102  4 

103.0 

9  a.  m 

103  8 

102  6 

10  a   m 

103.  2 

102.0 

10  a.  m  

103.2 

102  6 

Ham 

102.6 

103.0 

11  a.m  

102.8 

103.  2 

12  m 

102  2 

103  2 

12  m 

103  4 

103  2 

1pm 

102.  2 

103.0 

lp.  m  

103.2 

103.4 

2  D   m  . 

102.  0 

103.0 

2  p.  m  

103.6 

103.0 

102  0 

103.0 

3  p.  m 

102  8 

103  0 

4pm 

102.  4 

103.0 

4  p.  m  

102  6 

103.0 

5  p   in        

103.0 

103.2 

5  p.  m  

103.6 

103.4 

6pm 

101.6 

102.6 

6  p.  m          

102.8 

103  6 

7pm 

101.4 

102.2 

7  p.  m  

103.2 

103.2 

8  p.  m     

101.8 

102.0 

8  p.m  '.  

102.  8 

103.4 

9pm 

101.2 

102.2 

9  p.  m          

102.  6 

103.0 

10  p.  m 

101.8 

101.4 

10  p.m  

102.2 

103.0 

lip.  m  

"101.8 

101.8 

11  p.m  

a  103.  2 

102.  4 

2  p.  m 

102.2 

102.4 

12  p.  m  

103.0 

102.8 

"  Injected  with  J  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour, 
b  Probably  affected  with  very  recent  tuberculosis. 


SOME    METHOPS    OF   INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  25 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


H0( 

?  NO.  1841 

.     (H.) 

HOG 

NO.  1843. 

(T.)h 

Hour. 

Feb.  27, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  28, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  1, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Feb.  27, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Feb.  28, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  1, 
after  in- 
jection. 

la  m  

100  6 

102  0 

102  8 

103  6 

103  0 

103  2 

2  a.  m                .     . 

101  4 

102  8 

102  0 

2am 

103  6 

103  4 

102  8 

3  a.  m  

102.0 

102.2 

102.0 

3  a.  m 

103  0 

102  8 

103  0 

4  a.  m  

102.  4 

101.4 

101.8 

4  a.  m  .  . 

103  2 

102  4 

103  6 

5  a.  m  

102.4 

101.4 

101.0 

5  a.  m  

103  0 

102  4 

103  2 

6am 

101.6 

101.2 

101  2 

6  a.  in 

104  0 

102  0 

103  2 

7  a.  m 

102.2 

101.2 

101.0  ' 

7  a.  m 

103  4 

102  4 

103  2 

8  a.  m  

101.6 

102.0 

8  a.  m  

103  6 

104  *> 

9  a.  m  

101.8 

102.6 

9  a.  m  

103.0 

103  6 

10  a.  m  

101.0 

102.6 

10  a.  m  

103.2 

104  0 

11  a.  m 

101.8 

102.6 

11  a.  m 

102  6 

103  0 

12m    

102.6 

103.6 

12  m  . 

102  6 

104  0 

lp.  m  

102.8 

103.0 

1  p.  m  

102  4 

103  6 

2  p.  m  

102.4 

103.0 

2  p.  m  

102.2 

103  0 

3pm        .... 

102.8 

103.0 

3  p.  m  . 

103  0 

103  2 

4  n.  m  

102.6 

103.6 

4  D.  m  .  . 

102  8 

103  0 

5  p.  m  

103.2 

103.6 

5  p.  m  

103.0 

103  8 

6  p.  m... 

102.8 

103.8 

6  p.  m  

103.2 

103  2 

7  p.  m  .  ,  

103.0 

102.6 

7  p.  m  

102.  6 

102.8 

8p.  mf  

102.8 

102.8 

8  p.  m  

102.2 

103.4 

9  p.  m           

102.4 

103.4 

9  p.  m  

102.  8 

103  2 

10  p.  m  

102.4 

103.0 

10  p.  m  

102.4 

102.  8 

11  p  m 

a  102  4 

103  2 

11  p.  m 

«103  4 

102  6 

12  p  m 

102.4 

102.0 

12  p.  m  . 

103  8 

103  2 

HOG  NO.  1842.     (T.)                                                         HOG  NO. 

1844.     (T.)h 

la.  m  

°F. 
104.4 
104.0 
104.4 
104.2 
104.0 
104.0 
103.8 
103.6 
103.6 
103.2 
103.2 
103.6 
103.4 
103.6 
103.  0 
103.2 
102.6 
103.0 
103.0 
103.0 
103.2 
102.8 
«103.8 
103.4 

°F. 
104.0 
103.8 
104.0 
103.8 
103.8 
103.8 
103.8 
103.8 
105.6 
105.0 
104.4 
106.0 
106.0 
106.0 
105.  2 
106.4 
106.4 
106.4 
106.0 
105.  8 
106.6 
105.  0 
105.4 
105.0 

°F. 
104.4 
105.0 
104.8 
104.2 
104.2 
103.4 
103.4 

» 
1  a.  m  

>F.              °F. 
103.0  !        103.8 
104.  0           103.  8 
103.6  I        103.8 
103.  8           103.  4 
104.4           104.0 
104.  2           104.  2 
104.0           103.4 
104.6           104.2 
104.0           104.0 
104.6           104.2 
104.2           104.0 
103.  6           104.  2 
104.2           104.0 
104.6           104.8 
103.  8           104.  0 
103.  2           104.  6 
103.6  '        104.6 
103.4           104.4 
104.  0           104.  6 
103.2           104.2 
103.  2           103.  8 
103.  0           104.  4 
103.  6           103.  4 
103.  8           104.  2 

°F. 
104.0 
103.6 
103.8 
103.4 
104.2 
104.  2 
104.2 

2am 

2am 

3  a.  m  .  .        .... 

3  a.  m 

4  a.  m  

4  a.  m  

5  a.  m  

5  a.  m  

6  a.  m  

6  a.  m  

7am 

7  a  in 

8  a.  m  
9  a.  m  

8  a.  m  _. 

...                 9  a.  m  

10  a.  m  

,   10  a.  m  

11  a.  m  

11  a.  m  

12  m  

;i   12m  

1  p.  m 

1   Ip.m  ! 
I   2P.m  
3  n.  m  

2  p.  m  

3  p.  m  

4  p.  m  

4  p.  m  

5pm 

5pm 

6  p.  m 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

7  p.  m  

8  p.  m 



8  p.  m  
9  p.  m  

9  p.  m  

10  p  m 

10  p.  m  
lip.  m  a 
12  p.m  

11  p  m 

12  p.  m 

a  Injected  with  i  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 

&  See  also  second  test  of  this  hog.    Probably  contracted  tuberculosis  after  the  first  test  and  before  the 
second. 


26  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF   HOGS. 

Table  showing  ike  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1874 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1876. 

(A.) 

Hour. 

Mar.  6, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Mar.  6, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

°F. 
102.6 

101.6 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

100  8 

°F. 

101  8 

2  a  ni                                   

102.  4 

101.2 

2a.m  

100  8 

101  2 

3am                  

102.8 

100.8 

3  a.  m  

101.0 

101  6 

102.  2 

102.0 

4  a.  m  

101  0 

101  2 

102.  4 

101.6 

5  a.  m  

101  2 

101  2 

101.3 

101.0 

6  a.  m  

101.6 

101  4 

102.  4 

101.4 

7  a.  m  

101  8 

102  0 

gam                              

102.0 

102.2 

8  a.  m  

101  8 

10''  0 

103.6 

102.0 

9  a.  m: 

102  2 

102  0 

10  a  m 

103.6 

102.  2 

10a.m..  .     . 

102  0 

103  0 

103.6 

102.  6 

1  1  a.  in  

102.  0 

104  0 

12  m 

102.  0 

102.0 

12  m... 

103  0 

103  6 

101.8 

102.  4 

1  p.  m  

102  0 

102  6 

102  8 

102.  0 

2  p.  m 

102  6 

102  0 

102.6 

102.  0 

3  p.  m. 

102  0 

101  8 

102.6 

102.  0 

4  p.  m  

102  4 

102  0 

103.0 

102.  4 

5  p.  m  

102.4 

102  4 

102  4 

102.0 

6  D.  m 

102  0 

102  0 

102.0 

101.8 

7  p.  m... 

102  4 

101  8 

101.8 

102.4 

8  p.  in  

102.  0 

101  6 

101  8 

101.2 

9  p.  m 

101  6 

101  4 

10  p  m 

101.4 

100.8 

10  p.  m  

101  8 

101  0 

"101.4 

101.2 

11  p.  m  

"101.6 

101  0 

1^  p  m 

101  8 

101.  2 

12  p.  m  . 

101  6 

101  2 

HOG  NO.  1875 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1877. 

(A.)    ' 

*F. 

102.4 

°^. 
101  6 

la.m  

"  °F. 
101.8 

°F. 
102  2 

2am 

101.8 

101.0 

2  a.  m  

102.2 

101.8 

102  6" 

101  4 

3  a.  in 

102  0 

101  6 

101.8 

101.8 

4  a.  m  

101  8 

101  8 

101.8 

101.6 

5  a.  m  

101.4 

102  6 

100  8 

101  (> 

6  a.  m 

102  4 

102  4 

101.2 

102  8 

7  a.  m  . 

103.2 

101  6 

102.  0 

102  8 

8  a.  m  

102.2 

101  6 

9am               

103.0 

102.8 

9a.m  

103.4 

101.8 

10  a  m 

102  8 

102  8 

10  a.  m 

102  8 

102  6 

103.0 

103  0 

11  a.  m  .  .  . 

102.  6 

103  2 

12  m 

102  8 

102  8 

12  m 

103  0 

10'>  t> 

102  4 

102  8 

102  8 

10''  0 

2pm 

102  6 

103  2 

2pm 

102.8 

10>  6 

3pm 

103.0 

103  6 

3  p.  m          

102.  0 

103.0 

4  p.  m  

103.2 

103.4 

4  p.  m  

103.0 

102.2 

103  6 

101'  6 

5pm 

102.6 

102  4 

6pm 

103.6 

102  8 

102.  6 

102.0 

7  p.  m           .  .        

103.4 

102.8 

7  p.  m  

102.0 

102.0 

103  4 

102  8 

102.  2 

102  2 

9pm 

102  0 

103  0 

9  p  m 

102.  6 

101.6 

10  p.  m          .                       .     .. 

102.0 

102.  4 

10  p.  m  .  *.   ;  

101.6 

102.2 

11  p.  m  

n  102.  0 

102.2 

11  p.  m  

a  102.  4 

102.0 

12  p.  m 

10''  0 

102  2 

12  p  m                 

102.0 

102.0 

«  Injected  with  J  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF   INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  27 

Table  shotting  the  temperature  of  JKXJK  before  find  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1878.     (A.) 

HOG  NO.  18H).      (A.) 

Hour. 

Mar.  6.        Mar..7, 
before  in-    after  in-   ' 
jection.      jection. 

Mar.  6, 

Mar.  7. 

Hour.                         before  in-  after  in- 
jection,    jec'tion. 

°F. 

101.0 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
102.  0 
102.4 
102.6 
103.4 
103.  2 
102.0 
102.  2 
102.  4 
102.  2 
102.4 
102.  4 
103.  4 
103.0 
102.  6 
102.  6 
102.8 
102.4 
102.  0 
«102.4 
103.0 

°F, 

103.0 
103.0 
103.0 
102.  8 
102.  (i 
102.  8 
102.  8 
103.  4 
103.2 
102.  2 
102.8 
103.0 
102.  8 
102.  0 
102.  4 
103.0 
103.0  , 
103.0 
102.6 
102.8 
102.4 
102.2 
102.2 
102.2 

°F. 
la.  m  102.0 

°F. 
103.4 
103.2 
103.0 
103.4 
103.0 
103.2 
103.4 
103.6 
103.4 
103.6 
103.6 
103.0 
103.0 
102.8 
103.4 
103.4 
103.0 
102.8 
102.  8 
102.8 
102.  4 
103.  2 
102.  8 
102.  6 

2  a  m 

2  a.  m                                                  103  2 

3  a.  m  103  0 

4a.m  102.6 

5  a  m  «                  

5  a.  m  102.6 

<j  a.  m     

6  a.  m  102.  4 

7am                           ... 

7a.m..                                              102.4 

gam           

8  a.  m  ...           103.2 

9  a.  m                                                  103  0 

10  a  ni 

10  a.  m                                                103  2 

11  a  m                 

11  a.  m  .   .           103.0 

12  m     ...  .•  

12m.   103.2 

1  p.  in  .                                              103  2 

2  p.  m  .  .            .  .                                 103  2 

3  p.  m                             

3  p.  m  103.0 

4pm                           

4  p.  m  103.  0 

5  p.  m  .  .     .                                        103  4 

li  p.  m  .   ...                                         103  0 

7pm                                

7  p.  m  .            103.2 

8  p  m                                                  103  0 

9  p  in                                                  103  4 

10  p  m 

10  p.  in              .                                     102  4 

1  1  p.  m  a  102  f> 

12  p  m 

12  p  m                                                   103  ° 

HOG  NO.  1879.     (A.) 

i 

HOG  NO.  IfvSl.    (A.) 

la.  m  

°F. 

102.  4 
102.8 
101.6 
101.2 
101.2 
100.8 
100.  0 
101.8 
102.0 
101.6 
102.0 
102.  4 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.  2 
102.4 
102.  8 
102.  8 
102.  (i 
102.4 
102.6 
102.  4 
"  102.  4 
102.2 

°F. 

102.0 
101.6 

102.  0 
102.  4 
102.2 
102.0 
102.  2 
102.  8 
102.  4 
102.4 
102.  4 
102.  2 
102.  0 
102.  0 
102.  2 
102.  0 
102.8 
101.8 
102.2 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.0 

1  a.m  102.4 

°F. 

102.  6 
102.  2 
102.  2 
102.  0 
102.  8 
102.  4 
102.6 
102.  2 
102.4 
107.4 
10J.  4 
I'l.  4 
101.4 
101.6 
101.4 
102.0 
102.  2 
101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
101.4 
101.4 
101.6 
101.4 

2am     . 

2  a.  m                                                  102  0 

3  a  in                                .... 

3  a.m  101  6 

4a.m  

4  a.  m  101  6 

5am 

5  a.  m                                                  102  2 

G  a  m 

6  a.  m  .  .                                             102  6 

7am 

7  a.  m..                             '                    102  6 

8  a.  m  

8  a.  m  102  8 

9am 

9  it  m                                                  103  0 

10  a.  m 

10  a.m                                                10°  8 

11  a.  in        

11  a.m.   .                                           103  0 

12  m  

12  111  103  2 

1pm 

1pm                                                  103  0 

2  p.  m  

2  p.  m                                                  102  8 

3  p.  m  

3  p.  m  .  .  .                                             102  8 

4  p.  m  

4  p.  in  102  6 

5  p.  m  

5  p.  in  102.  4 

6  p.  m  .  . 

6  n.  m                                                  102  6 

7  p.  m  

7  p.  in                                                     102  2 

8  p.  m  

8p.m..            .                                   102  0 

9pm 

9pm                                                  109  4 

10  p.  m  . 

10  p  in                                                102  8 

lip.  m  

11  p.  m                                             "  102  0 

12  p  m 

I''  p  m                                                   101  6 

o  Injected  with  £  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


28  THE    TUBERCULIN   TEST    OF   HOGS. 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1883 

.    (A.) 

HOG  NO.  1885. 

(A.) 

Hour. 

Mar.  6, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Mar.  6, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

la.  m  

op, 
102.2 

0  F. 
103.2 

1  a.  m  .  . 

0  F. 
102  8 

°F. 

103  0 

2am 

102.0 

103.2 

2am 

102  4 

109  6 

3  a.  m     

101.8 

103.0 

3  a.  m 

102  2 

102  4 

4  a.  m  

102.2 

103.0 

4  a.  m  

101.8 

102  8 

5am 

102.6 

103.2 

5  a  m 

101  8 

102  6 

6  a.  m  

102.6 

102.8 

6  a.  m 

101  2 

102  8 

7  a.  m  

102.0 

102.6 

7  a.  m  . 

101.4 

102.6 

8  a.  m            

103.0 

102.8 

8  a.  m 

102  0 

103  2 

9  a.  m  

103.4 

103.0 

9  a.  m  

102.4 

103  2 

10  a  m 

103  4 

102.8 

10  a  m 

103  0 

103  0 

11  a.  m  

102.8 

102.6 

11  a.  m 

103  4 

103  0 

12m  

102.6 

102.8 

12  m  

103.0 

102.8 

1pm 

102.6 

102.  4 

1pm 

103  2 

103  0 

2  p.  m  

102.4 

102.4 

2  p.  m 

103  0 

103  0 

3  p.  m  

103.0 

102.  2 

3  p.  m  

102.  6 

102.4 

4  v.  m 

103.0 

102.0 

4  p.m 

103  2 

102  4 

6  p.  m  

103.2 

102.4 

5  p.m 

103  2 

102  8 

6  r>.  m  

103.0 

102.6 

6  p.  m  

102.8 

102.6 

7  D  m 

103  2 

102.  2 

7pm 

102  8 

102  4 

8  p.  m  

103.0 

102.4 

8  p.  m 

102  4 

102  2 

9  p.  m  

103.0 

102.  (i 

9  p.  m        

103.0 

102.  2 

10  p  m      

103.0 

102.2 

10  p.  m 

103  0 

102  2 

11  p.m  

a  103.  2 

103.0 

lip.  m.                  .       ... 

«  102.  6 

103  0 

12  p  m 

103  2 

102.8 

12  p  m 

102  8 

102  8 

HOG  NO.  1884 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1886. 

(A.) 

lam                     

°  F. 
102.2 

°JR 

102.6 

1  a.  m  

0  F. 
102.2 

0  F. 
101  8 

2  a.  m  

102.0 

102.6 

2  a.  m  

102.4 

101.8 

Sam 

102  4 

102  0 

3  a.  m 

102  4 

101  8 

4  a.  m     

102.  2 

102.0 

4  a.  m  

102  2 

102  4 

5a.m  

102.0 

102.4 

5  a.  m  

102.2 

102.0 

6  a.  m 

101  8 

103.0 

6  a.  m 

102  0 

102  2 

7  a.  m        

101.6 

102.8 

7  a.  m 

102  0 

101  8 

8  a.  m  

101.4 

102.  0 

8  a.  m  

102.  0 

101.8 

9am 

102  8 

102  8 

9am 

102  4 

102  2 

10  a.  m                    .     .        .   .. 

103.0 

102.8 

JOa.m. 

103.0 

102  2 

11  a.  m  

103.0 

102.  8 

11  a.  m  

103.8 

102.  0 

12  m 

103  0 

102  6 

12  m 

102  4 

101  8 

1  p.  m     

102.8 

102.  0 

1  p.  m.                        

102.2 

101.8 

2  p.  in  

103.0 

102.0 

2  p.  m  

102.  0 

101.8 

3pm 

103  0 

102  4 

102  4 

102  0 

4  p.  in 

103  0 

102.0 

4  p.  m 

102  0 

102  0 

5  p.  m  

103.0 

102.  6 

5  p.  m  

102.  4 

102.0 

6pm 

103  4 

102  4 

6pm 

102  2 

102  2 

7  p.  m          .                         . 

103  0 

102  4 

7  p.  m                         . 

102.  4 

102.4 

8  p.  m  

102.6 

102.4 

8  p.  m  

102.  2 

102.0 

9  p.m  

102.4 

102.2 

9  p.  m  

102.  4 

102.0 

10  p  m 

102.0 

102  2 

10  p  m                           

102.0 

102.0 

11  p.  m  

a  102.  2 

102.4 

11  p.m  

"101.6 

101.8 

12  p.m  

102.6 

102.2 

12  p.  m  

102.0 

101.8 

"Injected  with  i  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS. 


29 


Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hoys  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1887.     (A.) 

HOG  NO.  1889.     (A.) 

Mar.  6, 
Hour.                     before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  6, 
Hour.                       before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  7, 
after  in- 
jection. 

°F. 
lam                              .                   104.2 

°F. 

103.  2 

°F. 
1  a.  m  103.  8 

°F. 
103.6 

-2am           104.0 

103.4 

2  a.  m  1  03.  8 

103.2 

3am                                                  104  0 

103  6 

3  a.  m  103.8 

103.6 

4  a  in                                                  104.  0 

103.8 

:  4  a.  m  103.  6 

103.2 

5a.m.               103.8 

103.6 

,  5  a.  m  103.8 

102.  6 

6am                                                  103  8 

103  8 

6  a.m  103.8 

103.6 

7  a.  m                                                  103.  6 

103.8 

.  7  a.  m  103.  6 

103.4 

S  a  m                                                  103  8 

103  6 

!  8  a.  m  103.  4 

103.4 

9  a  m                                                  103  0 

103  6 

9  a.m  103.6 

103.  2 

10  a  m                                                103  8 

103  6 

10  a.  in                                                103  6 

103  4 

11  n  m                                                103  6 

103  6 

1  1  a.  in  103.  6 

103  0 

12  m                                                    103  4 

103  4 

12m  103.4 

103.  0 

1  p.  m                                                  103.  8 

103.  4 

1  p.  m  103.4 

103.0 

2pm                                                  103  6 

103  0 

2  p.  m  .                                              103.4 

103  0 

3pm                                                  103  6 

103  0 

3  p.  m  103.4 

103.8 

4pm                                       ..         103  6 

103.  0 

4  p.  m  102.2 

103.0 

5pm                                                  103  ° 

103  2 

5pm                                                  103  2 

103  0 

6pm                                                  103  6 

103  6 

6  p.  m                                                  103.4 

103  2 

7pm                                                  103  4 

103.6 

"p.  m  103.8 

103.8 

8p.m.            103.6 

103.  2 

8  p.  m  103.  4 

103.  6 

9pm                                                     103  4 

103  6 

9pm                                                  104.  0 

103  4 

10  p  m                                                   103  0 

103  4 

10  p.  m  103.6 

103.  2 

11  p  m                                                n  103.8 

103.0 

lip.  m  «  104.0 

105.2 

12  p.  m  103.  4 

103.0 

12  p.  m  •        103.4 

1&V2 

HOG  NO.  1888.     (A.) 

HOG  NO.  1891.     (A.) 

°F. 
1  a.  m                                                  102  4 

102  6 

1  a  m                                                  102  6 

°F. 

10'>  4 

2  a.  m                                                  102  6 

102.  4 

2  u  m                                                     103  0 

101  6 

3  a.  m  .         102.0 

102.4 

3  a.m                                                  102.2 

102  4 

4  a.  m  102.  2 

103.0 

4a.m...     .                                    102.  0 

102.  4 

5  a.  m                                                  102  2 

103  0 

5am                                                  101  8 

102  2 

6  a.  m  102  2 

103  0 

t  6  a.  m                                                  101  8 

102  4 

7  a.  m  102.  2 

103  0 

7  a.  m                                    .              101.6 

102.4 

8  a.  m                                                  103  0 

103  0 

8am                                   '               102  8 

10''  2 

9  a.  m                                                  102  4 

103  4 

9  a  m                                                  102  8 

102  2 

10  a.  m  103.0 

103  2 

10  a  in                                                   103.0 

102.  6 

11  a.  m  103.6 

103.0 

11  a.m                                                103.4 

102.  8 

12  m  104.  0 

103.0 

12  in  102.8 

102  6 

1  p.  m  103  4 

102  8 

1  p  m                                                  103.0 

102  2 

'2  p.  m  102.8 

102  4 

2  p.  m                                          i        102.  6 

102.  4 

3  p.  m  102.  6 

103.2 

3  p.  m  102.  6 

102.  0 

4  p.  m  103  0 

102  8 

;  4  p  m                                                  102  4 

102  2 

ft  p.  m  102.  6 

102.8 

5  p  in                                                     103  2 

102  6 

6  p.  m  102.  8 

103.  0 

6  p.  m                                                     103.  0 

102.  6 

7  p.  m.       ...                                        103  0 

102  8 

7pm                                                     102  6 

10''  2 

8  p.  m  iQ2  8 

102  4 

8pm                                                     103  6 

102  0 

9  p.  m  102.4 

102.0 

9  p.m                              .                   102.0 

101.6 

10  p.  m  102.  6 

102.0 

10  p.  m  102.2 

101.8 

11  p.  m  nl01.4 

102.4 

11  p.  m  «  102.  6 

102.0 

12  p.  m  1034 

102  2 

12  p  m                                                   104.0 

101.8 

"Injected  with  £  c.c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


30 


THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF    HOGS. 


Table  showing  tJie  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1751.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.  1755. 

(T.) 

Mar.  20, 
Hour.                      before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Mar.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

101  6 

°F. 

W>  4 

1  a  m 

°F. 
100  6 

°F. 
103  8 

2  a.  in.  . 

101  8 

102  4 

2  a.  m 

102  0 

103  8 

3  a.m... 

101.6 

102.6 

3  a.  m  

102  0 

103  8 

4  a.  m 

:        101  2 

102  6 

4  a  m 

101  6 

103  8 

5  a.  rn  

101.4 

102  8 

5  a.  in  ...             .     . 

101  2 

104  0 

6  a.  in 

101  0 

103  2 

6  a.  m 

101  2 

104  0 

7  a.  m  . 

.   ..          101.2 

104  0 

7a.m.   .   . 

101  2 

104  6 

8  a.  m  

101.2 

105.  4 

8  a.  in  

102.  4 

104  6 

9  ft  111 

101  2 

10-1  6 

9  a.  m 

103  0 

105  2 

10  a.  m 

101.6 

103  6 

10  a.  m  

103  0 

105  2 

11  a  m 

101  8 

105  2 

1  1  n  m 

103  0 

105  0 

12  m 

102.  2 

105  2 

12  m 

102  6 

104  6 

1  p.  ni 

102.2 

105.  2 

1  p.  in  .  '.  

103  0 

104.4 

2  p  in 

102  0 

106  0 

2  p.  m 

103  0 

105  0 

3  p.  m 

102  4 

106.0 

3p.m.. 

102  6 

104.2 

4  p.  m.  . 

102.  (i 

105.  8 

4  p.  m  

102.  6 

104.4 

5  p  m 

102  6 

106  •' 

5pm 

103  0 

103  8 

6  p.m 

....           102.0 

106  0 

6  p.  m  

103  2 

103.8 

7  p.  m... 

102.  2 

105.  8 

7  p.  m  

102  8 

104.2 

8  p  in 

10'>  4 

104  4 

8  p.  m 

102  6 

104.0 

9  p.  m.. 

102.6 

104.8 

9  p.  in  

102.2 

103.  8 

10  p  m 

102  4 

105  2 

10  p.  in 

102  2 

103  0 

lip.  in 

«  102  0 

104  4 

11  p.  m     

"  102.  4 

104.2 

102  6 

104  8 

12  p  m 

102  8 

104  0 

HOG  NO.  1754.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.   1772. 

(T.) 

1  a.  m. 

°F. 

101  4 

OF. 

102  0 

1  a.  n 

°  F. 
101.8 

0  F. 
101.6 

2  a.  m  

100.  2 

101.6 

2  a.  n  

101.0 

101.8 

3am 

101  2 

10'>  4 

San 

100  6 

101  8 

4  a.  m 

...           101  4 

102  6 

4  n  .  n                              ... 

101  4 

101.6 

5am 

100  4 

102  6 

101  2 

103  0 

6  a.  m 

101  2 

102  0 

6  n  n 

101  2 

102  0 

7  a.  m  

101.2 

101  0 

7  a  n                                    ... 

101.4 

104.2 

Sam 

101  6 

101  ti 

8  a  n 

100  4 

104  0 

9  a.  m 

100  2 

102  0 

9  n.  m 

101  0 

104.  2 

10  a.  m  . 

101.0 

103.4 

10a.m. 

101.2 

105.2 

11  a  m 

101  6 

103  8 

101  4 

105  6 

12  m     .. 

101  S 

103  0 

12  in 

101  0 

104  6 

1  p.  in  

101.6 

102.0 

]  p.  n                  .             

102.  0 

104.  6 

2  p.m 

101  8 

102  8 

2  p   n 

101  6 

105  0 

3  p.  m 

101  8 

102  4 

3  p.  n 

101.4 

105.  2 

4  p.  m  

102.0 

102.4 

4  p.  n   '  

102.  4 

104.6 

5  p.  m 

10f)  0 

103  6 

102  4 

105.  4 

6  p.  m  . 

102.6 

102  8 

(i  p.  in                                     

101.8 

105.  0 

7  p.  m... 

102.6 

103.6 

7  p.  m  

102.0 

104.8 

8  p.  m 

102  6 

103  0 

S  p  m 

102  4 

103.6 

9  p.  in 

.   ..:..           102.4 

103.0 

0  p  m                                     .  .   . 

102.  2 

103.8 

3  0  p.  in  .  . 

102.  4 

102.  8 

10  p.m  

102.2 

103.  2 

11  p.  in 

a  101  6 

103  0 

]  1  p  in 

>Tl02  2 

102.  8 

}2  p.m.. 

102.  0 

103.0 

12  p.  m                                  ... 

101.6 

103.0 

'  Iiiitcted  with  J  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  31 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before,  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  17K5 

.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.  179S. 

(T.) 

Hour. 

Mar.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21  , 
after  in- 
jection. 

Honr. 

Mar.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

°F. 

102  6 

°JR 

101.0 

1  a.  m  . 

o  p 
100.8 

°  F. 
102.  4 

101.8 

100.8 

2  a.  in  

100.8 

103.4 

3  a  ID 

101.2 

101.4 

3  a.  m  

101.2 

103.6 

102  6 

102.  2 

4  n.  in 

101.4 

104.4 

5  a.  in.        

101.2 

103.0 

5  a.  m  

•     101.2 

105.  6 

6am 

102.0 

103.2 

6  a.  in  

100.4 

106.0 

101  2 

102.  6 

7  a  in 

100.2 

106.0 

101.2 

105.0 

8  a.  in  .  .                    .   . 

103.0 

106.0 

102.0 

105.  2 

9  a.  m  

103.  2 

106.0 

10  a  m 

102  0 

103.6 

10  a.  in 

103.0 

106.0 

102  0 

104.8 

11  a.  in.  .  . 

103.  0 

105.  4 

12  m 

102.  0 

103.8 

12  m  

103.0 

105.  4 

102.  0 

104.0 

1  p.  m  

103.0 

104.0 

2  p  in 

102.  0 

104.8 

2  p.  m  

103.2 

104.6 

101.8 

104.6 

3  p.  111  

103.  0 

104.6 

101.8 

105.  0 

4  p.  m  

103.0 

104.2 

101.6 

105.  6 

5  p.  m  

103.  2 

104.0 

101  4 

104.6 

6  p.  m                        ... 

102.  6 

104.0 

101.6 

104.8 

7  p.  m  

103.0 

104.0 

101.2 

104.4 

8  p.  m  

103.0 

103.6 

101.2 

104.0 

9  p.  m  

102.  4 

103.4 

10  p  m 

100  8 

103.2 

10  p.  in  

102.  2 

103.0 

a  101.  8 

103.  6 

11  p.  in  

«  102.  8 

103.8 

101.0 

103.  6 

12  p.  m  

102.6 

103.4 

HOG  NO.  1790 

.     (T.) 

HOG  NO.  1801. 

(T.) 

100  6 

°F. 

101  4 

1  a.  in 

0  F. 
101.8 

100.6 

100  0 

101.4 

2  a.  m                           

101.2 

100.6 

100  2 

101.6 

3  a.  in  

101.6 

100.4 

100.  2 

101.2 

4  a.  m  

101.6 

100.6 

5  u  m                                     ... 

100.0 

100.  6 

5  a.  m  

101.4 

100.0 

100  0 

100  4 

6  a.  m                             

101.2 

101.2 

100.0 

100.  6 

7  a.  m  

101.2 

102.  0 

99.0 

100.2 

8  a.  ni  

101.4 

103.0 

101  0 

100  6 

9am 

102.  2 

105.0 

10  a  m 

101  2 

100  4 

10  a.  m                                

102.  0 

105.0 

101  2 

101.2 

1  1  u.  in.              

102.  0 

105.0 

12  m 

101.4 

100.8 

12  m  

101.6 

104.8 

101  2 

101  0 

101.8 

105.  2 

101  2 

102  0 

2  p.  n                     

101.0 

105.  0 

101  2 

102  2 

3  p.  n  

101.2 

105.0 

101.0 

102.2 

4  p.  n  

101.4 

105.0 

5pm 

101.6 

102.8 

5  p.  n  

102.0 

105.6 

101  6 

103  0 

0  p.  n                     

102.  2 

104.8 

101  4 

102  4 

7  p.  m  

102.  6 

104.  2 

102.  0 

103.0 

8  p.  n  

102.  2 

104.2 

102  0 

102  8 

9  p  n 

101.8 

103.8 

10  p  m 

101  8 

102  8 

10  p  in        

101.8 

103.8 

«  101  4 

103  0 

11  p.  m  

"101.2 

103.  2 

101.6 

102.  8 

12  p.  in  

100.6 

103.2 

"Injected  with 


if  tuberculin  nt  this  hour. 


32  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF   HOGS. 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1803. 

(T.) 

HOG  NO.  1809. 

(T.) 

Hour. 

Mar.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Mar.  20, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Mar.  21, 
after  in- 
jection. 

la.  m                      

0  F. 
101.6 

°t. 

104.2 

1  a.  m.  ... 

°F. 
101.2 

°F. 
102.4 

2  a.  m  

100.8 

105.0 

2  a.m  

101.2 

102.4 

3  a.  m 

100.8 

105.2 

3  a.  m 

101  4 

102  6 

•1  a.  in  

101.2 

105.2 

4  a.  m  

101.2 

102.8 

101  4 

106  0 

5  a.  m 

101  2 

102  4 

6  a.  in                             .        . 

102.0 

106.2 

6  a.  m 

101.0 

103  2 

7  a.  in  

101.2 

106.2 

7  a.m  

101.0 

104.6 

8  &.  in 

102  0 

106  0 

8  a.  m 

101  8 

104  2 

103  0 

106  0 

102  8 

105  6 

10  a.  in  

102.8 

106.0 

10  a.m  

102.  6 

106.2 

11  a.  m 

103  0 

105  6 

11  a.  m. 

102.2 

105  2 

12  m  

103.0 

105.  6 

12m  

102.4 

106.  2 

1  p.  m 

103  0 

103  6 

1pm 

102.2 

105  6 

2  p.  m 

102  8 

104.2 

2  p.  m 

102.4 

106.2 

3p.m  

102.  2 

104.4 

3  p.  m  

102.4 

106.4 

4  p.  m 

102  8 

104  6 

4  p.  m 

102.8 

106  8 

5  p.m. 

103.2 

106.0 

5  p.  m.  . 

102.6 

106  4 

6  p.  m  

103.6 

105.4 

6  p.  m 

102.  2 

106.0 

7pm 

103  6 

105  0 

7  p.  m 

102  4 

105  8 

8  p.  m                    

104.0 

104.8 

8  p.  m.       . 

102.  6 

105.2 

9p.m  

104.2 

105.  0 

9  p.  m  

102.4 

105.  2 

10  p.  m 

105  0 

104  8 

10  p.  m 

102.4 

105  0 

11  p.  m  . 

«  104.0 

105.4 

1  1  p.  m  .                                ... 

a  102.  2 

104.8 

1*2  p  m 

104  6 

105  0 

12  p  m                                » 

102  0 

105  0 

HOG  NO.  1805 

(T.) 

HOG  NO.  1811 

(T.) 

1  a.  m  

101.6 

101.4 

1  a.  m  

°F. 
102.0 

°F. 
102.6 

2am 

101  0 

101  6 

2  a.m 

101.8 

102.6 

3  a.  m 

100.2 

101.8 

3  a.  m          

102.0 

103.0 

4  a.  m  

100.4 

101.6 

4  a.  m  

102.0 

103.8 

5  a.  m 

100  2 

102  0 

5am 

101.2 

105.0 

6  a.  m 

100.0 

102.6 

G  a.  m                         

101.2 

106.0 

7  a.  m  

100.4 

103.4 

7  a.  m  

102.4 

106.4 

8am 

101.2 

103  0 

Sam 

102.  6 

106.4 

9  a.,  m 

101.8 

103.8 

9  a.  m               .            

103.0 

106.2 

10  a.  m  

101.6 

103.8 

10  a.  in  

103.  2 

106.4 

11  a  m 

101  8 

104  8 

11  a.  in 

102.6 

105.6 

12m  . 

102.0 

104.6 

12  m                             

103.0 

105.  6 

102  2 

105  0 

103.  2 

105.6 

2pm 

102.4 

105  2 

2pm 

103.0 

105.  6 

3  p.  m 

102  0 

104  6 

3  p.  m  

102.  6 

105.0 

4  p.  m  

102.0 

104.  6 

4  p.  m  

103.2 

105.  0 

5pm 

102  2 

104  4 

5  p.  m 

102.  4 

105.  2 

6  p.  m 

102.2 

104  4 

6  p.  m               

102.  6 

104.  2 

7  p.  m  

101.8 

104.2 

7  p.  m  '.  

102.  6 

104.6 

8pm 

101  6 

103  8 

8pm 

102.4 

105.0 

9  p.  m 

101.8 

103.  2 

9  p.  m                  

102.  4 

104.4 

10  p.  m  

102.  2 

102.8 

10  p.  m  

102.8 

104.6 

11  p  m 

«102  2 

103  8 

llpm 

«  102.  2 

104.0 

12  p.  m  .  .  . 

101.4 

103.6 

12  p.  m                   

102.2 

104.2 

"Injected  with  *  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  ut  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  33 

Table  shoitn-ng  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1383.      (A.) 

HOG  NO.  1385.     (A.) 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

April  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

April  4, 
alter  in- 
jection. 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

101.6 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 
100.8 
100.6 
101.2 
100.6 
101.4 
101.0 
101.0 
100.0 
100.4 
101.0 
101.0 
101.0 
101.8 
101.4 
101.4 
101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
"101.4 
101.6 

°F. 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
101.0 
100.8 
100.4 
100.6  ' 
101.  2 
100.6 
100.6 
100.4 
100.6 
100.6 
101.0 
101.2 
101.4 
101.2 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101.4 
100.8 
101.0 

1  a.  m  

°F. 
102.0 
101.8 
102.0 
101.8 
102.0 
102.  4 
102.  2 
102.4 
102.  8 
102.  0 
103.0 
102.  2 
102.  2 
102.  6 
102.  2 
102.0 
102.  2 
102.0 
101.8 
101.0 
101.8 
101.8 
«  102.  0 
J02.2 

°F. 
102.4 
102.2 
102.  2 
102.0 
102.6 
102.2 
102.0 
101.6 
102.  0 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 
101.8 
101.6 
101.6 
102.  2 
102.  0 
102.4 
102.2 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.0 
101.8 

2a.m  

2  a.m 

3  a.  m  

3  a.m  

4  a.  m                                  

4  a.m 

5  a.  m      

5  a,  m 

6  a.  m  

6  a.  m 

7am 

7am 

8  a.m                              .... 

8  a.m 

9  a.  m    

9  n.  m 

10  a.  m  

10  a.m...               1 

11  a.m 

11  a  m 

12  m  .  .                     .          ... 

12  m 

1  p.  m  

1  p.  m.  . 

2  p.  m  

2p.m.. 

3pm 

3pm 

4pm 

4  p.  m 

5  p.  m..        

5  p.  m 

6  p.m... 

6  p.m... 

7pm 

7pm 

8  p.  m 

8pm 

9  p.  m 

9pm 

10  p.  m.   ...                      

10  p  m 

11  p.  m  

11  p.  m. 

12  p.  m 

12  p  m 

HOG  NO.  1384.     (A.) 

HOG  NO.  1399.     (A.) 

1  a.m  

°F. 
101.8 
101.8 
101.8 
101.8 
102.0 
102.  0 
102.  4 
101.8 
102.  0 
102.  0 
102.0 
101.6 
101.8 
101.2 
101.8 
101.8 
101.6 
102.  0 
101  .  6 
102.  2 
101.8 
101.8 
«  102.  0 
102.0 

°F. 

101.8 
102.  0 
102.  2 
102.  2 
101.8 
102.  2 
102.4 
101.6 
102.  0 
101.8 
101.6 
101.4 
101.6 
101.4 
101.2 
101.4 
101.2 
101.4 
101.8 
101.4 
101.0 
101.0 
101.4 
101.2  j 

1  a.  m  

°F, 

100.2 
101.6 
101.0 
101.2 
101.4 
100  8 

°F. 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.4 
100.6 
100.4 
101.0 
101.4 
100.4 
101.0 
101.0 
101.0 
100.0 
100.0 
101.  2 
101.0 
101.2 
101.4 
102.0 
100.  S 
100.  S 
100.6 
100.8 
101.0 

2  a.  m 

2  a.  m 

3  a.  m. 

3  a.  m 

4  a.  m  

4  a.  m  

5  a.m  

5  a.  m  

6  ft,  m 

6am 

7  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

101.2 

101.2 
101.0 
101.6 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 
101.0 
101.4 
101.2 
102.0 
101.0 
100.8 
101.0 
100.4 
"100.4 
100.8 

8  a.  m  .      ... 

8  a.  m 

9  a.m  ... 

9  a.  m. 

10  a.m  

10  a.  m  

11  a.  m 

Ham 

12  m  . 

12  m 

1  p.  m  

1  p.  in 

2  p.  in  

2p.m  

3  p,  m 

4  p.m.. 

4pm 

5  p.  m  

5pm 

6  p.  m  .  .  . 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m  

7  p.  m  

8  p.  m  

8  p.  m  

9  p  in 

9pm 

10  p.  m  

10  p  m 

11  p.  m  

1  1  p.  m 

12  p.  m  

12  p.  m.  ..          

"Injected  with  1  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


34  THE   TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF    HOGS. 

Table  shouring  the  temperature  of  hoys  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1446 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1895. 

(H.) 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Of 

100  8 

°F. 

101.0 

1  d.  m  _  .... 

°F. 

101  8 

op 

102  6 

2am 

100.8 

101.4 

2  a.  m  

102.0 

102  6 

3  a.  m  

100.8 

11)1.4 

3  a.  m  

102.  0 

102.  8 

100.  6 

101.2 

4  a.  m. 

102  0 

102  4 

100.4 

101.6 

5  a.  m  

101.8 

103  2 

6  a.  m        ..        .          

100.4 

101.6 

6  a.m  

102.  0 

104.0 

100.2 

102.0 

7  a.  m  .  . 

102  0 

104  0 

8am 

100.0 

101.2 

8  a.m.  ... 

102.  4 

103  4 

9  a.  m                    

101.8 

101.2 

9a.m  

102.  2 

103.4 

101  0 

101  2 

10  a.m 

102.  2 

103  8 

11  a  m 

101.8 

100.8 

11  a.m  •.          .  . 

102.  2 

103.8 

12m                                    .       . 

101.8 

101.6 

12  m  

102.  4 

103.4 

101.6 

101.2 

1  p.m. 

101  8 

103  4 

2pm 

101.6 

101.0 

2  p.  m  

102.2 

102.6 

3pm                             

101.4 

101.4 

3  p.  m  

102.2 

102.  8 

102.  0 

101.4 

4  n.  m.  . 

101.  6 

103  2 

5  p.  m 

101.6 

102.  0 

5  p.  m  

102.0 

103  0 

6  p.  m 

101.4 

102.  0 

6  p.  m  

102.  2 

103.4 

101  2 

101  0 

7  p.  m 

101.8 

102  8 

8pm 

100  8 

101.2 

8  p.  m.  . 

102.  6 

103.0 

9  p.  m                            

101.0 

101.2 

9  p.m  

102.6 

103.0 

10  p  m 

101  2 

101  2 

10  p  m 

102  2 

102  6 

11  p  m 

a  100.  8 

101.4 

11  p.  m. 

6  102.  0 

102.6 

12p.m. 

100.8 

101.2 

12  p.m  

102.0 

102.6 

HOG  NO.  1527. 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1890. 

(A.) 

°F. 

100  4 

101  0 

lam.. 

101  2 

°F. 

100  6 

2am 

101.4 

101  0 

2  a.m 

101  0 

100  4 

3  a.  m. 

101.  2 

101.0 

3  a.  m  

100.  0 

100  2 

100  8 

100  8 

4  a.  m 

100  8 

100  2 

100.8 

101.2 

5  a.  m                           * 

100  8 

100  6 

6am 

100.0 

101.4 

6  a.  m  

101.2 

100.8 

7  a.  m  

100.2 

101.4 

7  a.  m  

100.8 

101.2 

Sam 

101  4 

101.0 

8  a.  m 

100  8 

101.4 

9  a.  m 

101.4 

100.4 

9  a.  m 

101.0 

101.4 

10  a.  m           

102.  0 

100.4 

10  a.m  

101.6 

101.0 

11  a.  m  

101.6 

101.0 

11  a.  m  

101.8 

101.4 

12  m 

100.8 

100.8 

12  m 

101.8 

101.0 

1  p.  m           

100.8 

100.8 

1  p.  m  

101.4 

101.0 

2pm 

101  6 

100  6 

2pm 

100  8 

100  4 

3  p.  m 

101  2 

100  4 

3  p.  m 

101  2 

100.6 

4  p.  m 

101.4 

100.0 

4  p.  m.          

101.6 

101.6 

5  p.  m  

102.6 

101.0 

5  p.  m  

102.  0 

101.4 

6pm 

102  0 

101  4 

6  p.  m 

101  8 

101.6 

7  p.  m. 

101.6 

101.4 

7  p.  m  

102.2 

100.4 

8  p.  m  

101.8 

100.8 

8  p.  m  

102.  0 

101.0 

9pm 

101  2 

101  2 

9pm 

101  0 

100.  0 

10  p  m 

101.4 

101.2 

10  p.m 

101.0 

100.  0 

11  p.  m             

''101.0 

100.8 

11  p.  m  

'•101.2 

101.2 

12  p  m 

100  8 

100  8 

12  p  m 

100  0 

101.0 

a  Injected  with  1  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour.      b  Injected  with  £  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME   METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBEKCULOSIS.  35 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1897 

(A.) 

HOG  NO.  1855.     (T.)b 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  3, 
Hour.                        before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

°F. 

101  8 

°F. 
103.0 

o  p 
1  a.  m                                                  102.  0 

0  F. 
103.  6 

2am 

102.0 

102.8 

2  a.  in  102.  0 

103.8 

3  a.  m  

101.6 

102.  8 

3  a.  m  101.8 

103.6 

101  6 

102.  6 

4  a.  pi                                          i        101  8 

103.8 

5am 

101.4 

102.  4 

5a.m                                          '        102.0 

104.6 

Gum 

101.0 

102.0 

6  a.  in  102.  2 

104.  6 

7  a.  m          

101.15 

102.  6 

7  a.  m  102.  2 

104.2 

101  (i 

102.4 

8  a.  m                                                  102.  0 

105  0 

9am 

102.  0 

102.8 

9  a.  in  .         102.4 

105.2 

10  a.  m        .  .     .   .  7  

101.8 

103.0 

10  a.  m  102.  4 

105.  2 

102  0 

103  2 

11  a.  m                                                103.0 

106  2 

12  m 

102  -1 

102.  4 

12m                                                    102.2 

105.6 

1pm 

102.  4 

102.  8 

1  p.  m  102.  2 

105.  8 

2  p.  m  

102.2 

102.4 

2  p.  m  102.  4 

106.0 

102  2 

102.4 

3  p.  m                                                  102.  4 

106  0 

4pm 

102  2 

103.0 

4  p.  m                                                     102.  0 

116  4 

5  p.  m 

102.6 

102.8 

5  p.  m                            .              .         103.  0 

106.2 

102  6 

102  8 

6  p  m                                                    102  8 

106  2 

7pm 

103  0 

102  4 

7pm                                                 103  4 

106  6 

8pm 

102  6 

102.  8 

8  p.m                                                  103.8 

106  4 

9  p.  m 

102.  2 

102.  2 

9  p.m                      .   .                        103.6 

106.  2 

10  p.  m  

102.4 

102.  0 

10  p.m  .                    103.8 

106.4 

11  p.m  

«  102.  4 

102.  0 

lip.  m  ol03.4 

106.2 

12  p  m 

102  (i 

102.  2 

12  p  m                                                   103.  0 

106  2 

HOG  NO.  1854'. 

(T.)& 

HOG  NO.  1856.     (T.)  <> 

1  a.  m  

°F. 

103.8 

0  F. 
103.4 

'   1  a.  m  .  .         103.  8 

103.4 

'I  H,  TTI 

103  2 

103  4 

2  a  m                                                  104  0 

103  6 

3  a.  m 

103  2 

104.0 

3  a.  m                                                  103.  8 

103  4 

4  a.  m  

103  2 

104.0 

4  a.  m                                                  103.  8 

103.4 

5am 

103  4 

105  0 

103  4 

6  a.  m 

103  6 

105  6 

6  a  m                                                     103  6 

103  8 

7  a.m.  

103  4 

106  0 

7am                                                    103  8 

103  4 

8  a.  m  

103  2 

105.  6 

8  a.  m                                                     103.  0 

104  0 

9  a.  m  

102.2 

105.0 

9  a.  m                       ...                        104.  0 

104.  2 

10  a.  m 

103  2 

106  0 

10  a  m                                                   103  8 

103  8 

11  a.  m  . 

103  0 

106  2 

11  a  m                                                102  8 

104  2 

12  in  

103  4 

106  4 

12  m                                                       103.  2 

104  8 

1  p.m  

103  0 

106.0 

1  p.m                                                  103.2 

104  8 

2  p.m 

103  0 

106  0 

2  p  m                                                  103  0 

105  0 

3  p.  m...  . 

103  0 

105  8 

3  p  in                                                    103  2 

105  0 

4  p.  m  

103  0 

106  6 

4  p  m                              .                      103.  0 

104  (i 

R  p,  m 

103  2 

106  4 

5  p.m                                                    104.4 

105.  4 

6  p.m  

103.  4 

106  0 

Op.  m  103.8 

105.  2 

7  p.  m 

103  4 

106  0 

7  p  m                                                     103  8 

105  0 

8  p.  m.  . 

103  0 

105  0 

8  p  m                                                     103  4 

106  0 

9  p.  m  

103  0 

105  0 

9  p  m                                                     103.  6 

105.  2 

lOp.m  

102  6 

104  4 

10  p  in          103.6 

105.  4 

11  p.  m 

«  103  0 

104  4 

11  p  m                                             "103  8 

105  4 

12  p.  m 

103  0 

104  2 

12  p  in                                                   103.  8 

105.  2 

« Injected  with  *  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


*>  Second  test. 


36  THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF   HOGS. 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1846. 

(T.)a 

HOG  NO.  1849. 

(T.)a 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

lam                .        

0  f 

loi.  8 

°  F. 
101.6 

1  a.  m  

0  F. 

101.4 

0  F. 
101.6 

2am 

101  8 

102.0 

2  a.  m 

102  4 

102  0 

101.6 

102.0 

3  a.  m 

102.4 

102  4 

4am  

101.8 

101.8 

4  a.  m  

102.0 

102.  2 

102.2 

101.6 

5'  a.  m 

102  0 

102  2 

6am               .                 

102  2 

101.2 

6  a.  in 

101.6 

102  6 

7  a.  m            

102.  2 

101.6 

7  a.  m  

101.8 

103.  0 

102.  4 

102.  2 

8  n,  m 

101  8 

103  6 

9am                 .             

101.8 

103.4 

9  a.  m  

102.6 

103  8 

10  a.  m  

102.0 

104.2 

10  a.  m  

103.2 

103.8 

•101.  8 

105.2 

11  a.  m 

103  0 

104  2 

12  m          ...              

101.8 

105.  0 

12m  

102.  6 

104  6 

101.0 

105.4 

1  p.  m 

102  4 

105  0 

101.4 

105.4 

2  p.  m 

102  8 

105  0 

3pm              

101.  2 

105.  6 

3  p.  m  

102.4 

104.8 

101  4 

105.  6 

4pm 

102  6 

104  8 

102.0 

106.0 

5  p.  m 

103.4 

105  4 

6pm                  

101.8 

106.0 

6  p.  m  

103.0 

105.  6 

102  0 

106.4 

7pm 

10''  2 

105  4 

102.0 

106.4 

8  p.  m 

102  2 

105  0 

9pm           

101.8 

106.2 

9  p.  m  

102.  2 

105.  2 

10  p.  m  

102.0 

106.0 

10  p.  m  

102.  4 

105.  2 

11  p  m 

b  102.  2 

105.8 

11  p.  m 

ft  102  2 

105  2 

12  p.  m  

101.6 

106.0 

12  p.  m  

102.0 

105.2 

HOG  NO.  1848. 

(T.)a 

HOG  NO.  1898. 

(A.)a 

lam 

°  F. 

102.  6 

o  p 
103.0 

lam 

100  8 

0  F. 

102  8 

2  a  in  

102.  8 

103.2 

2  a.  m  . 

101.0 

103.0 

103  0 

103  4 

101  0 

103  4 

4am 

102.8 

103  0 

4  fl     TYl 

100  8 

102  6 

6  a.  m               

103.0 

103.0 

5  a.  m  . 

101  0 

102.  2 

6a.m  

103.0 

102.8 

6  a.  m  

101.6 

103  0 

103.2 

102  4 

7am 

101  6 

102  6 

8  a  m. 

103.0 

103.0 

8  a.  m  . 

102  4 

103.0 

9  a.  m  

102.  4 

103.0 

9  a.  m  

102.8 

102.0 

10  a  m 

102.6 

103  4 

10  a  m 

102  0 

102  4 

11  a  m.                      

102.6 

103.0 

11  a.  m 

102  2 

102.  6 

12  m  

103.0 

103.0 

12  m  

102.  0 

102.  4 

1pm 

102  4 

103  0 

1pm 

101  8 

102  4 

2pm 

102.4 

103  6 

2  p.  m 

102  4 

102  4 

3p.m  

102.4 

103.4 

3  p.  m  

102.  6 

102.0 

4pm 

103  0 

104  2 

103  0 

103  0 

5p.m.. 

103.4 

105  6 

5pm 

103  2 

103  2 

103  4 

105  0 

103  0 

103  0 

103  6 

105  6 

103  0 

103  4 

8  p  m... 

103  0 

105  4 

8pm 

103  0 

103  2 

9  p.  m  

103.4 

105.0 

9  p.  m  .... 

103.2 

103.0 

10  p.  m  

102.  6 

105.0 

10  p.  m  

103.0 

102.  6 

11  p.  m 

6  102.  6 

105  0 

11pm 

<>103  0 

102  4 

12  p.  m  

103.0 

104.8 

12  p.  m 

103  0 

102.  6 

Second  test. 


b  Injected  with  £  c.  c.  of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  37 

Table  showing  the  temperature  of  hogs  before  and  after  injection — Continued. 


HOG  NO.  1838. 

(H.)a 

HOG  NO.  1843. 

(T.)« 

Hour. 

Apr.  3, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  4, 
after  in- 
jection. 

Hour. 

Apr.  11, 
before  in- 
jection. 

Apr.  12, 
after  in- 
jection. 

1  a.  m  .  . 

°  F. 
101.0 

°F. 

100.6 

1  a.  in  

°F. 
101.0 

°F. 
101  0 

2am 

100  8 

100  6 

2  a.  m 

101  2 

101  0 

3  a.  m 

100t8 

100  6 

3  a.  m  .  . 

101  6 

101  0 

4  a.  m 

100.0 

100  4 

4  a.  m  ... 

101.0 

101  0 

6  a.  m  .      .      .  . 

100.2 

100.0 

5  a.  m  

101.0 

101.8 

100  0 

100  0 

6  a.  m 

100  8 

102  4 

7  a.  m  . 

100  0 

100  2 

7  a.  m 

101.0 

103  0 

8  a.  m  

99  6 

100  (i 

8  a.  m  

101.4 

103  6 

102  0 

101  0 

9am 

100  4 

105  0 

10  a  m 

10''  0 

101  0 

10  a.  m 

102  0 

104  2 

11  a.  m 

100  4 

101   6 

11  a.  in 

101  (i 

104  4 

12  m  

100  6 

101  0 

12  m  

101.0 

104  0 

1  p.  m  

100.0 

101.0 

1  p.  m  

100.0 

103.6 

2  p.  m 

100  6 

101  2 

2pm 

100  8 

104  0 

3  p.  m  ..  .. 

101  0 

101  0 

3  p.  in 

101.0 

104  0 

4  n.  m  .. 

101  4 

100  6 

4  p.  m  . 

101.0 

104.0 

5  p.  m  .  . 

102.2 

100  8 

5  p.  m  

101.1 

104.2 

6  p.  m  

101.2 

101.0 

6  p.  m  

101.1 

103.6 

7  p.  m  .  . 

101  0 

100  8 

7pm 

101.  < 

102  6 

R  p   m 

100  8 

100  8 

8  p.  m  

102.1 

102.  6 

9  p.  m  

100.8 

101  2 

9  p.  m  

101.  '- 

102.  6 

10  p.  m  

100.8 

100  8 

10  p.  m  

101.  L 

102.2 

11  p.  m 

MOO  6 

100  6 

11  p  m 

b  101  8 

102  2 

12  p.  m 

100  6 

100  8 

12  p.  m 

101.2 

102.2 

HOG  NO.  1840. 

(H.)« 

HOG  NO.  1844. 

(T.)« 

1  a.  m  

°  F. 
101  8 

°F. 

101  8 

lam 

op 
103  6 

°F. 
103  6 

2  a.  m  .  . 

102  0 

101  4 

2  a  in 

103  8 

103  4 

3  a.  m  

102  2 

101  6 

3  a.  m  

103  8 

103.  6 

4  a.  m  

102.  2 

101.6 

4  a.  m  

103  8 

104.0 

5  a.  m  

102  •> 

101  6 

103  6 

104  2 

6  a.  m  

102  0 

101  8 

Gam 

103  2 

104  6 

7  a.  m  

102  0 

101  4 

7  a.  m 

103  6 

105  6 

8  a.  m  

102.  0 

101.4 

8  a.  m  .        ... 

103.  2 

100.  0 

9  a.  m  

102  0 

103  0 

103  2 

106  6 

10  a.  m  

102  0 

10''  4 

10  a  m 

103  6 

106  4 

11  a.  m  

101  8 

102  0 

11  a  in 

103  0 

106  6 

12  m  

101  8 

102  2 

12  m 

102  2 

106.6 

1  p.  m  

102  0 

102  2 

102  0 

106  4 

2  p.  m  

102  4 

102  4 

102  8 

106  6 

3  p.  m  

102  0 

101'  4 

3  p  m 

103  0 

106  4 

4  p.  m  

102  6 

10°  2 

4  p.  m 

103  0 

106.0 

5  p.  m  

102  6 

102  4 

103  •> 

106  2 

6  p.  m  

102  6 

102  4 

f>  p  in 

104  0 

106  2 

7  p.  m  

102  2 

10''  8 

103  6 

106  2 

8  p.  m  ,  

10''  6 

102  2 

8pm 

103  4 

106  0 

9  p.  m  

102.0 

101  8  , 

9  p.  m 

103.4 

105.  2 

10  p.  m  

102  0 

102  0 

10  p  m 

103  0 

104  8 

11  p.  m  

b  101  6 

101  6 

''103  4 

104  2 

12  p.  m  

101  8 

101  8 

12  p  in 

103.  1 

104.0 

<>  Second  test. 


i>  Injected  with  £  c.  c.of  tuberculin  at  this  hour. 


38  THE    TUBEKCULIN    TEST    OF   HOGS. 

AUTOPSY   KECORDS. 
HOGS  FED  TUBERCULOUS  MILK. 

Hog  No.  1853. — Found  dead  the  morning  of  February  21,  1906.  General  condition 
excellent;  fat.  During  the  tuberculin  test,  both  before  and  after  the  injection  of 
tuberculin,  the  respiration  was  accompanied  by  a  snoring  sound  and  the  number  of 
respirations  was  greater  than  normal.  Glands  at  the  angles  of  the  jaws  (submaxillary ) 
are  enlarged,  congested,  and  sprinkled  with  tuberculous  foci.  The  gland  back  of 
pharynx  ( post-pharangeal )  on  left  side  is  in  the  same  condition.  Other  glands  in 
region  of  throat  are  unaffected.  The  superficial  inguinal  glands  on  left  side  are  ten 
times  as  large  as  those  on  the  right  and  are  entirely  congested,  but  show  no  tuber- 
culous lesions.  (The  tuberculin  injection  was  made  in  the  thigh  near  the  enlarged 
glands. )  The  prepectoral  gland  directly  in  front  of  the  trachea  outside  of  the  thorax 
and  the  corresponding  glands  just  inside  of  the  thorax  are  enlarged  and  sprinkled 
with  foci  of  tuberculosis.  Mediastinal  and  bronchial  glands  are  greatly  enlarged 
and  contain  cheesy  material,  which  is  beginning  to  soften.  Lung  is  adherent  to 
chest  walls,  heart,  and  diaphragm,  and  the  different  lobes  to  each  other;  the  entire 
organ  is  thickly  sprinkled  with  large  tuberculous  masses;  the  medium  lobes  are 
entirely  cheesy,  and  at  least  one-half  of  the  remainder  of  the  lung  is  in  the  same 
condition.  The  portal  glands  are  enlarged  and  necrotic.  The  liver  is  sprinkled 
with  numerous  tuberculous  foci,  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter.  The  spleen  contains 
a  few  tuberculous  foci,  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter.  The  glands  at  the  curvature  of 
the  stomach  are  enlarged  and  completely  tuberculous.  Only  one  mesenteric  gland 
was  found  to  contain  lesions  of  tuberculosis. 

Hog  No.  1854. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  Right 
eubmaxillary  gland  is  greatly  enlarged,  diameter  about  4  cm.,  and  completely  tuber- 
culous. Left  prescapular  gland  contains  a  few  tuberculous  foci.  The  pulmonary 
pleura  is  greatly  roughened  and  thickened  and  contains  a  number  of  tubercles,  each 
about  5  mm.  in  diameter.  The  costal  pleura  and  the  pulmonary  surface  of  the 
diaphragm  contain  a  number  of  small  tubercles  from  1  to  5  mm.  in  diameter.  The 
left  cephalic  lobe  of  the  lung  is  tuberculous,  and  the  other  lobes  are  sprinkled  thickly 
with  tuberculous  masses  from  1  mm.  to  1  cm.  in  diameter.  The  bronchial  glands 
are  studded  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  liver  and  spleen  are  sprinkled  with 
numerous  tuberculous  foci  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter.  Portal  and  gastric  glands 
(glands  at  the  curvature  of  the  stomach)  contain  minute  foci  of  tuberculosis.  Minute 
tuberculous  lesions  found  in  three  or  four  mesenteric  glands. 

Hog  No.  1855. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The  sub- 
maxillary  glands  on  both  sides  have  a  diameter  from  4  to  5  cm.,  and  are  completely 
tuberculous.  The  prepectoral  glands  are  enlarged  and  contain  tubercailous  foci.  The 
lung  is  uniformly  sprinkled  with  numerous  tuberculous  foci  from  1  to  3  mm.  in 
diameter.  Both  right  and  left  bronchial  glands  contain  small  foci  of  tuberculosis. 
The  liver  has  an  even  sprinkling  of  a  small  number  of  minute  tuberculous  foci,  and 
the  spleen  is  in  the  same  condition.  Gastro-hepatic  chain  of  lymph  glands  contains 
tuberculous  lesions.  One  mesenteric  gland  shows  a  tuberculous  focus  2  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Hog  No.  1856.  —Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent.  The  sub-- 
maxillary  lymph  glands  on  both  sides  are  greatly  enlarged  and  tuberculous.  The 
lung  is  sprinkled  uniformly  with  innumerable  very  minute,  almost  microscopic,  and 
a  few  larger,  tuberculous  foci.  The  bronchial  glands  are  somewhat  enlarged,  but 
show  no  tuberculous  lesions.  Two  mesenteric  glands  contain  each  a  tuberculous 
focus  about  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1857.— Killed  February  26,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The 
right  submaxillary  gland  is  enlarged  and  contains  a  necrotic  focus  about  5  mm.  in 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS. 

diameter.  About  1  out  of  every  3  mesenteric  glands  contains  minute  tuberculous 
foci. 

Hog  No.  1858. — Killed  February  26,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  No 
lesions  of  disease  found  on  autopsy. 

Hog  No.  1845. — Killed  February  26,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The 
submaxillary  and  prescapular  glands  on  both  sides  are  sprinkled  with  minute  tuber- 
culous foci.  The  superficial  inguinal  glauds  on  both  sides  are  greatly  enlarged, 
edematous,  and  sprinkled  with  innumerable  small  foci  of  tuberculosis.  Lung  adher- 
ent to  the  chest  wall  and  to  the  diaphragm,  and  the  various  lobes  to  each  other. 
The  two  medium  and  the  azygos  lobes  are  completely  tuberculous,  and  the  principal 
lobes  are  thickly  sprinkled  with  centers  of  tuberculosis  from  1  mm.  to  1  cm.  in  diam- 
eter. The  bronchial  glands  on  both  sides  are  completely  tuberculous,  and  a  few 
small  foci  of  tuberculosis  are  present  in  the  mediastinal  glands.  One  lymph  gland 
at  the  curvature  of  the  stomach  contains  a  minute  center  of  tuberculosis,  and  the 
mesenteric  glands  generally  are  sprinkled  with  small  necrotic  foci. 

Hog  No.  1846. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  Both  sub- 
maxillary  lymph  glands  are  enlarged  and  tuberculous.  Lung  thickly  sprinkled  with 
minute  foci  of  tuberculosis,  and  contains  a  few  nodules  between  1  and  2  cm.  in  diam- 
eter. Bronchial  glands  on  both  sides  show  tuberculous  lesions.  The  liver  contains  a 
small  number  of  minute  tubercles.  All  the  glands  in  the  gastro-hepatic  chain  and 
about  one-half  in  the  mesenteric  chain  contain  minute  tuberculous  foci. 

Hog  No.  1847.— Killed  February  26,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The 
submaxillary  glands  on  both  sides  are  greatly  enlarged  and  entirely  tuberculous. 
The  prescapular  glands  on  the  right  side  show  lesions  of  tuberculosis.  The  superfi- 
cial inguinal  glands  on  the  right  side  are  enlarged  and  edematous.  The  bronchial 
glands  on  the  right  side,  the  gastric  glands,  and  practically  all  the  mesenteric  glands 
contain  minute  foci  of  tuberculosis.  The  mesenteric  glands  are  enlarged  and  very 
edematous. 

Hog  No.  1848. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  Roth  sub- 
maxillary glands  are  greatly  enlarged  and  tuberculous.  The  left  prescapular  and  the 
left  superficial  inguinal  glands  contain  each  a  necrotic  focus,  about  3  mm.  in  diame- 
ter. The  lung  contains  innumerable  minute  tuberculous  foci,  evenly  sprinkled 
through  the  anterior,  medium,  and  azygos  lobes;  the  principal  lobes  are  compara- 
tively free  from  lesions.  Bronchial  glands  on  both  sides  contain  small  areas  of 
tuberculosis.  The  liver  contains  numerous  tubercles  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter. 
Each  gland  in  the  gastro-hepatic  and  mesenteric  chains  of  lymph  glands  contains  1 
or  2  tuberculous  foci  from  5  mm.  to  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1849. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The  sul;- 
maxillary  glands  are  from  4  to  5  cm.  in  diameter,  and  completely  tuberculous. 
Lung  is  homogeneously  sprinkled  with  minute  tubercles.  The  right  bronchial  gland 
contains  one  tuberculous  focus  4  mm.  in  diameter.  The  liver  shows  a  few  minute 
tuberculous  areas.  One  mesenteric  gland  contains  a  focus  of  tuberculosis  about 
3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1850. — Killed  February  26, 190(5.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  Both 
submaxillary  glands  are  greatly  enlarged  and  almost  completely  tuberculous.  The 
prescapular  and  superficial  inguinal  glands  on  both  sides  are  enlarged,  edematous, 
and  are  sprinkled  with  minute  necrotic  areas.  The  lung  is  evenly  sprinkled  with 
innumerable  tuberculous  foci,  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  Bronchial  glands  on  both 
sides  show  lesions  of  tuberculosis.  Liver  is  uniformly  sprinkled  with  foci  of  tuber- 
culosis from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  gastric  and  mesenteric  glands  are  gener- 
ally enlarged,  edematous,  and  sprinkled  with  minute  centers  of  tuberculosis. 


40  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

HOGS    FED    BEHIND    CATTLE    AFFECTED    WITH    NATURAL   TUBERCULOSIS. 

Hog  No.  1837. — Killed  March  1,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  No  lesions 
of  disease  found  on  autopsy. 

Hog  No.  1838. — Killed  April  13, 1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  No  lesions 
of  disease  found  on  autopsy. 

Hog  No.  1839. — Killed  March  1,1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The  glands 
at  the  angles  of  the  jaws  (submaxillary  glands)  were  at  least  five  times  as  large  as 
normal  and  intensely  congested.  No  other  lesions  of  disease  found.  Unfortunately, 
the  submaxillary  glands  were  soiled  at  the  time  of  autopsy  with  a  knife  that  had 
been  previously  used  to  section  tuberculous  material,  and  hence  no  further  exami- 
nation of  them,  by  the  microscope  or  by  inoculation  test,  was  made. 

Hog  No.  1840.—  Killed  April  13,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  No 
lesions  of  disease  found  on  autopsy. 

HOGS    FED    BEHIND    HEALTHY    CATTLE   THAT    WERE    INGESTING    TUBERCLE    BACILLI. 

Hog  No.  1841. — Killed  March  1,  190<>.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  No 
lesions  of  disease  found  on  autopsy. 

Hog  No.  1842. — Killed  March  1,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The  left 
submaxillary  gland  is  enormously  enlarged  and  tuberculous  throughout.  The  cor- 
responding gland  on  the  right  side  is  enlarged  and  sprinkled  with  hemorrhagic  mark- 
ings. The  prescapular  gland  on  the  right  side  is  sprinkled  with  necrotic  foci.  The 
lungs  are  homogeneously  studded  with  tuberculous  areas  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diame- 
ter. Both  the  bronchial  and  mediastinal  glands  are  sprinkled  with  minute  tubercu- 
lous foci.  Liver  and  spleen  and  the  glands  of  the  gastrohepatic  chain  are  sprinkled 
with  minute  tubercles.  The  mesenteric  glands  are  normal. 

Hog  No.  1843. — Killed  April  13,  1906.  General  condition  excellent,  fat.  Submax- 
illary glands  on  both  sides  contain  a  few  small  tuberculous  areas.  A  few  small 
tubercles  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter  are  found  in  the  lung.  No  other  lesions  of 
disease. 

Hog  No.  1844.— Killed  April  13,  1906.  General  condition  excellent;  fat.  The 
right  submaxillary  gland  is  greatly  enlarged  and  completely  tuberculous.  The  lung 
is  evenly  sprinkled  with  innumerable  tuberculous  nodules  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diam- 
eter. The  liver  contains  a  much  smaller  number  of  similar  nodules.  No  other 
lesions  of  disease. 

HOGS    INFECTED    BY    SUBCUTANEOUS    INJECTION. 

Hog  No.  1751. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  an  abscess 
of  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  which  contains  a  dry,  firm,  cheesy  material.  The  sub- 
cutaneous tissues  surrounding  the  abscess,  in  a  band  less  than  3  mm.  wide,  are 
sprinkled  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  lung  contains  a  few  small  pearl-like 
tubercles,  homogeneously  distributed,  2  mm.  and  less  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1754. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  inoculation  is  an  abscess 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  which  contains  a  dry,  firm,  cheesy  material.  The  sub- 
cutaneous tissues  surrounding  the  abscess,  in  a  band  not  more  than  5  mm.  wide,  are 
sprinkled  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  lung  is  uniformly  sprinkled  with  innumer- 
able pearl-like  tubercles,  the  largest  of  which  are  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  liver 
contains  a  few  tuberculous  foci  1  mm.  and  less  in  diameter.  The  spleen  contains  a 
very  small  number  of  tubercles  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1755. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  Lesions  at  the  seat  of  inoculation  similar 
to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1754.  The  inguinal  lymph  glands  are  slightly  enlarged  and 
contain  several  necrotic,  tuberculous  masses  from  2  to  3  mm.  in  diameter.  The 
prescapular  lymph  glands  are  slightly  enlarged,  and  contain  several  necrotic,  tuber- 


SOME   METHODS    OF   INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  41 

culous  areas,  from  2  to  3  mm.  in  diameter;  the  number  of  affected  areas  is  slightly 
greater  than  in  the  inguinal  glands.  The  lung  is  evenly  sprinkled  w  th  innumer- 
able, minute,  pearl-like  tubercles,  the  largest  of  which  are  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The 
bronchial  lymph  glands  are  enlarged  and  contain  a  small  number  of  tuberculous 
areas.  The  liver  is  homogeneously  sprinkled  with  innumerable  very  minute  tuber- 
cles. The  portal  lymph  glands  contain  a  small  number  of  minute  tuberculous  foci. 
The  spleen  contains  several  tubercles  from  1  to  3  mm. 'in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1772. — Killed  March  23, 1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  an  abscess 
about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  which  contains  a  dry,  firm,  cheesy  material.  The  sub- 
cutaneous tissues  surrounding  the  abscess,  in  a  band  less  than  3  mm.  wide,  are 
sprinkled  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  lung  contains  many  pearl-like  tuberck'8,  2 
mm.  and  less  in  diameter,  located  mostly  in  the  apexes  of  the  principal  lobes.  The 
liver  contains  a  few  small  tubercles,  the  largest  of  which  are  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1783. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  an  abscess 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  which  contains  a  dry,  firm,  cheesy  material.  The  sub- 
cutaneous tissues  surrounding  the  abscess,  in  a  band  not  more  than  5  mm.  wide,  are 
sprinkled  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  lung  is  evenly  sprinkled  with  innumerable 
minute,  pearl-like  tubercles,  2  mm.  and  less  in  diameter.  The  liver  contains  a  con- 
siderable number  of  very  minute  tubercles.  The  portal  lymph  glands  contain  a  few 
very  minute  tuberculous  foci. 

Hog  No.  1790. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  an  abscess 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  the  wall  of  which  is  a  heavy,  dense,  neoplastic  tissue,  which 
incloses  a  mass  of  dry,  firm,  cheesy  material.  The  lung  contains  about  a  score  of 
minute,  pearl-like  tubercles,  the  largest  of  which  is  not  more  than  2  mm.  in  diame- 
ter. The  liver  shows  one  small  tubercle,  not  more  than  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1798.— Killed  March  23,  1906.— The  lesion  at  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is 
similar  to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1754.  Lung  homogeneously  sprinkled  with  numer- 
ous pearl-like  tuberculous  nodules,  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  liver  contains 
a  few  minute  tubercles. 

Hog  No.  1801. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  a  lesion 
similar  to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1772,  only  about  twice  as  large.  The  lung  is 
sprinkled  with  numerous  tuberculous  nodules,  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter.  The 
liver  contains  a  few  very  small  tubercles. 

Hog  No.  1803. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  a  lesion 
similar  to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1783,  but  not  more  than  one-half  as  large.  The 
inguinal  lymph  glands  are  enlarged,  and  some  of  them  contain  a  small  number  of 
necrotic  areas  4  mm.  and  less  in  diameter.  The  lung  is  uniformly  sprinkled  with 
innumerable  tuberculous  nodules,  from  1  to  4  mm.  in  diameter.  The  bronchial 
lymph  glands  are  enlarged  and  thickly  studded  with  minute  necrotic  foci.  The  liver 
is  sprinkled  with  numerous  tubercles,  the  largest  of  which  are  3  mm.  in  diameter. 
The  portal  lymph  glands  are  enlarged  and  sprinkled  with  many  necrotic  foci  from  1 
to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  spleen  contains  a  few  tuberculous  areas  from  1  to  5  mm. 
in  diameter.  The  lymph  glands  at  the  curvature  of  the  stomach  are  enlarged  and 
sprinkled  with  necrotic  foci  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  180-~>.— Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  an  abcess 
in  all  respects  similar  to  that  found  in  the  same  region  in  hog  No.  1751.  The  lung 
is  homogeneously  sprinkled  with  innumerable  pearl-like  tubercles,  which  vary  in 
si/.e  from  mere  points  to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  liver  contains  a  few  tuberculous 
foci  2mm.  and  less  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  180!>. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  a  lesion 
precisely  similar  to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1801.  The  lung  is  evenly  sprinkled  with 
pearl -like  tubercles  from  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter.  The  liver  contains  a  few  very 
minute  tubercles. 


42  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

Hog  No.  1811. — Killed  March  23,  1906.  At  the  seat  of  the  inoculation  is  a  lesion 
similar  in  all  respects  to  that  found  in  hog  No.  1783.  One  of  the  inguinal  lymph 
glands  contains  a  few  minute  tuberculous  foci.  The  lung  is  uniformly  sprinkled 
with  numerous  pearl-like  tubercles  2  mm.  and  less  in  diameter.  The  bronchial 
lymph  glands  are  greatly  enlarged  and  sprinkled  with  tuberculous  foci,  some  of 
which  have  a  diameter  of  2  mm.  The  liver  contains  many  tubercles  from  1  to  3 
mm.  in  diameter.  The  portal  lymph  glands  contain  several  minute  foci  of  tubercu- 
losis. The  spleen  contains  several  tuberculous  foci  from  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Hog  No.  1895. — Killed  April  7,  1906.  General  condition  excellent.  No  lesions  of 
disease  found  on  autopsy. 

SOME  METHODS  BY  WHICH  HOGS  MAY  CONTRACT  TUBERCULOSIS. 
PLAN    OF   THE    EXPERIMENT. 

As  we  have  already  stated,  the  hogs  used  in  the  tuberculin  tests  are 
divided  into  five  groups.  Of  these,  Groups  I,  II,  and  III  form  part 
of  a  separate  experiment  made  to  gain  information  on  the  manner  in 
which  hogs  become  affected  with  tuberculosis  in  their  natural  environ- 
ment. The  hogs  of  Group  IV  have  already  been  discussed  in  a  pre- 
vious article, a  and  the  hogs  of  G"roup  V  are  healthy,  and  it  is  not 
necessary  that  anything  should  be  added  to  what  has  been  said  about 
them.  Groups  I,  II,  and  III  will  be  dealt  with  separately  in  detail. 

HOGS    OP   GROUP    I. 

Hogs  Nos.  1853,  1854,  1855,  1856,  1857,  and  1858  were  each  fed 
daily  1,000  c.  c.  of  artificially  infected  milk  on  December  18,  19,  and 
20,  1905.  Hogs  Nos.  1845,  1846, 1847,  1848, 1849,  and  1850  were  each 
fed  daily  1,000  c.  c.  of  artificially  infected  milk  for  thirty  days,  begin- 
ning December  7,  1905. 

The  milk  was  infected  in  the  following  manner:  The  surface  growth 
of  an  agar  culture  of  tubercle  bacillus  was  scraped  off  and  thoroughly 
broken  up  in  10  c.  c.  of  sterile  water,  and  the  resulting  faintly  clouded 
suspension  added  to  normal  milk  from  healthy  cows  at  the  rate  of  1 
drop  of  suspension  to  50  c.  c.  of  milk.  A  fresh  suspension  of  tubercle 
bacillus  was  made  every  other  day. 

With  the  exception  of  No.  1858,  all  the  hogs  contracted  tuberculosis. 
No.  1853  died  February  21, 1906,  affected  with  generalized  tuberculosis. 

HOGS    OF    GROUP    II. 

Hogs  Nos.  1837, 1838, 1839,  and  1840  were  placed  in  a  small  inclosure 
about  5  by  10  meters  (approximately  2  square  rods)  in  area,  into 
which  the  feces  of  two  tuberculous  cattle,  confined  in  an  adjacent 
stable,  were  thrown.  The  cattle  were  fed  heavily  with  corn  in  the 
manner  in  common  practice  on  western  farms  in  fattening  cattle,  behind 
which  hogs  are  turned.  The  tuberculous  condition  of  the  cattle  was 

"Bulletin  No.  86,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


SOME    METHODS    OF   INFECTION    WITH   TUBERCULOSIS.  43 

known  through  the  agency  of  a  tuberculin  test;  they  had  no  cough 
and  were  not  visibly  diseased.  Their  feces  were  eagerly  eaten  by  the 
four  hogs.  The  exposure  began  December  7,  1905,  and  lasted  until 
February  26,  1906,  a  total  of  eighty-one  days. 

On  postmortem  examination  three  of  the  hogs  were  found  to  be  free 
from  all  lesions  of  disease,  and  one  hog,  No.  1831),  had  greatly  enlarged 
and  intensely  congested  submaxillary  lymph  glands.  The  tuberculin 
test  of  this  hog,  which  was  made  on  the  two  days  immediately  before 
it  was  killed,  gave  a  positive  reaction,  and  this,  together  with  the  fact 
that  the  submaxillary  glands  of  hogs  are  among  the  first  to  become 
infected  and  are  almost  invariably  infected  when  tuberculous  material 
has  been  ingested,  makes  it  very  probable  that  the  enlarged  and  con- 
gested condition  of  the  glands  was  due  to  incipient  tuberculous  disease. 
There  is  little  doubt  that  the  glands  would  have  shown  well-marked 
tuberculous  lesions  had  the  hog  been  permitted  to  live  two  or  three 
weeks  longer. 

HOGS    OK    GROUP    III. 

Hogs  Nos.  1841,  1842,  1843,  and  1844  were  placed  in  a  small  inclos- 
ure  about  5  by  10  meters  in  area,  into  which  the  feces  of  two  healthy 
cattle  were  thrown.  The  cattle  were  confined  in  a  stable  adjacent  to 
the  inclosure,  and  received  water  to  drink  which  was  infected  with 
material  from  a  beef-broth  culture  of  tubercle  bacillus.  The  growth 
in  the  liquid  culture  was  thoroughly  broken  up  and  added  to  the 
drinking-water  of  the  cattle  at  the  rate  of  I  drop  per  50  c.  c.  of  water. 
The  suspension  of  bacilli  in  the  beef  broth  gave  it  a  distinct  turbidity. 
The  cattle  were  securely  fastened  in  the  forward  ends  of  compara- 
tively narrow  stalls,  and  the  infected  water  was  taken  to  them  through 
a  passage  in  front  of  the  stalls  and  was  placed  in  iron  receptacles. 

Precautions  were  taken  to  prevent  anything  to  the  rear  of  the  cattle 
from  becoming  infected  with  drippings  from  their  noses  and  mouths 
after  immersion  in  the  water,  and  it  is  very  improbable  that  any  infec- 
tious material  reached  the  rear  of  the  cattle  without  first  passing 
through  their  intestines.  In  all  respects,  excepting  the  infection  of 
the  drinking  water,  the  cattle  were  treated  precisely  as  the  two  tuber- 
culous animals  used  in  connection  with  the  hogs  of  Group  II.  The 
exposure  began  December  7,  1905,  and  lasted  until  February  2(5,  1906, 
a  period  of  eighty-one  days. 

On  postmortem  examination  one  of  the  hogs,  No.  1841,  was  found 
to  be  free  from  lesions  of  disease  and  three  were  found  to  be  affected 
with  tuberculosis. 

ANALYSIS   AND    DISCUSSION    OF    RESULTS. 

The  hogs  of  Group  I  show  how  readily  these  animals  contract 
tuberculosis  through  the  ingestion  of  milk  infected  with  tuberculous 
material,  and  this  fact  is  strongly  emphasized  by  the  results  obtained 


44  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGb. 

with  52  guinea  pigs  which  were  fed  during  three  days  with  milk 
infected  with  tubercle  bacilli  in  the  same  way  as  that  given  to  the 
hogs.  The  guinea  pigs  were  deprived  of  all  food  and  drink  for  twenty- 
four  hours  before  the  milk  was  placed  before  them,  and  ingested  about 
175  c.  c.  each  during  the  three  days  they  were  fed.  They  were  killed 
about  two  months  later  and  carefully  examined  postmortem,  and  not 
a  lesion  of  tuberculosis  was  discovered. 

If  we  take  the  total  quantity  of  infected  milk  ingested  by  the  6  hogs 
that  were  fed  three  days,  we  have  18,000  c.  c.,  and  the  total  amount 
ingested  by  the  52  guinea  pigs,  we  have  9,000  c.  c.  The  average 
weight  of  the  guinea  pigs  at  the  time  they  were  killed  was  624  grams 
(about  22  ounces)  each,  and  of  the  hogs  34  kilograms  (about  75  pounds) 
each;  that  is  to  say,  the  entire  number  of  guinea  pigs,  representing 
52  units  that  were  exposed  to  infection,  did  not  weigh  quite  as  much 
as  one  of  the  hogs.  Now,  the  remarkable  fact  is  that  5  of  the  6  hogs 
became  affected  with  tuberculosis,  and  the  entire  52  guinea  pigs,  which 
must  certainly  be  regarded  when  the  weight  of  the  animals,  the  amount 
of  milk  ingested,  and  the  number  of  units  exposed  are  taken  into  con-" 
sideration  to  have  had  a  much  more  severe  exposure,  remained  per- 
fectly health y.  Two  conclusions  can  be  drawn  from  the  experiment — 
either  that  hogs  are  ver}^  susceptible  or  that  guinea  pigs  are  very 
insusceptible  to  tuberculosis  when  the  infectious  agent  is  introduced 
into  their  bodies  with  food  and  the  exposure  is  through  the  mouth, 
stomach,  and  intestines.  Both  conclusions  are  actually  just  and  rea- 
sonable. 

The  insusceptibility  of  the  guinea  pigs  is  contrary  to  the  usually 
accepted  view  of  their  high  susceptibility,  but  the  same  condition  was 
found  with  numerous  other  guinea  pigs  that  were  exposed  to  tuber- 
culosis through  ingestion  and  is  perfectly  compatible  with  the  history 
of  the  thousands  of  guinea  pigs  that  have  been  handled  at  the  Bureau 
Experiment  Station,  where  no  spontaneous  case  of  tuberculosis  has 
ever  been  known  to  occur  among  guinea  pigs. 

That  the  tubercle  bacillus  used  in  these  experiments  was  strongly 
virulent  for  guinea  pigs  was  shown  by  a  number  of  subcutaneous 
injections  made  with  it,  which  caused  rapidly  fatal  generalized  tuber- 
culosis in  every  guinea  pig  injected.  Guinea  pigs  are  extremely  sus- 
ceptible to  tuberculosis  when  the  infectious  material  is  introduced 
under  their  skin  or  into  their  peritoneal  cavity.  In  an  article  pub- 
lished in  the  Twenty-first  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  for  the  year  1904,  page  57,  it  was  shown  that  the  difference 
in  delicacy  between  ingestion  and  intraperitoneal  injection  of  milk  as 
a  test  for  the  presence  of  tubercle  bacilli  is  as  1  to  12,000,  when  guinea 
pigs  are  used  as  the  test  animal.  While  this  proportion  is,  of  course, 
based  on  an  insufficient  number  of  tests  to  permit  its  acceptance  as 
absolutely  correct,  with  the  additional  evidence  furnished  by  the  6 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  45 

hogs  and  52  guinea  pigs  fed  with  artificially  infected  milk  we  are  jus- 
tified in  concluding  that  little  information  can  be  gained  about  the 
infectiousness  of  milk  from  tuberculous  cows  by  feeding  it  to  guinea 
pigs,  unless  the  guinea  pigs  contract  tuberculosis,  in  which  case  we 
have  evidence  <wily  that  the  milk  tested  in  this  way  is  very  infectious. 

The  hogs  of  Group  II  did  not  give  sufficiently  definite  results  for 
quite  satisfactory  conclusions,  although  one  of  the  four  was  almost 
certainly  infected  with  tuberculosis,  through  no  greater  exposure  than 
to  feces  of  tuberculous  cattle.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  tuber- 
cle germs  that  are  coughed  up  and  swallowed  by  tuberculous  cattle, 
or  that  reach  their  organs  of  digestion  in  some  other  way,  may  pass 
through  the  intestine  and  retain  their  original  pathogenic  virulence. 
The  hogs  of  Group  III  show  positively  that  tubercle  germs  swallowed 
by  cattle  may  appear  in  their  feces.  Three  out  of  the  four  hogs 
exposed  to  the  feces  of  the  two  cattle  that  drank  infected  water  con- 
tracted tuberculosis. 

The  system  in  practice  in  many  portions  of  the  country  of  turning 
a  herd  of  hogs  behind  a  herd  of  cattle  that  are  being  fattened  for  mar- 
ket may  be  accountable  for  tuberculosis  among  hogs  if  the  disease 
exists  among  the  cattle.  Hogs  associated  in  this  way  with  cattle  ma\r 
be  protected  effectually  from  tuberculosis  by  applying  the  tuberculin 
test  to  the  cattle  and  removing  every  animal  from  the  herd  that  shows 
a  reaction  indicative  of  the  presence  of  tuberculosis.  And  it  is 
strongly  recommended  that,  in  regions  where  tuberculosis  among  hogs 
has  been  discovered,  the  cattle  with  which  they  are  associated  be  first 
of  all  tested  and  reacting  animals  segregated  or  disposed  of  in  a  way 
that  will  insure  against  further  harm  from  them. 

The  experiment  of  exposing  hogs  to  the  feces  of  tuberculous  cattle 
and  cattle  that  are  swallowing  infectious  material  is  being  repeated, 
and  in  the  experiment  now  in  progress  even  greater  care  is  being 
taken  than  in  the  foregoing  to  prevent  the  introduction  into  the  hog 
pens  of  any  infectious  material  other  than  that  which  has  actually 
passed  through  the  bowels  of  the  cattle. 

By  emphasizing  the  insusceptibility  shown  by  our  guinea  pigs  to 
tuberculosis  through  ingest  ion  we  do  not  wish  to  imply  that  it  is  safe 
for  other  species  of  animals  and  man  to  ingest  material  infected  with 
the  germs  of  tuberculosis;  the  contrary  is  shown  to  be  true  by  the 
results  obtained  with  the  hogs,  and  by  the  greater  frequency  with 
which  abdominal  tuberculosis  occurs  among  children  during  the  age 
when  milk  forms  a  large  portion  of  their  diet,  than  among  adults. 

LOCATION   OF   LESIONS   PRODUCED   BY    FEEDING    EXPERIMENTS. 

The  distribution  of  the  tuberculous  lesions  in  the  hogs  that  became 
affected  with  tuberculosis  through  the  ingestion  of  the  artificially 
infected  milk  and  feces  is  shown  in  the  following  table.  The  table 


46 


THE    TUBERCULIN    TEST    OF    HOGS. 


shows  simply  in  what  glands  and  organs  tuberculous  lesions  were 
found  on  postmortem  examination,  and  no  attempt  is  made  to  indicate 
the  extent  to  which  the  involved  organs  and  glands  were  affected. 

Table  showing  distribution  of  lesions  found  in  hogs  exposed  to  tuberculosfe  through  ingestion 

of  infectious  material. 


Hog.  No. 

Lymph  glands. 

Organs. 

Submaxil- 
lary. 

|i. 

.£•££> 

SR 

Prepecto- 
ral. 

Bronchial. 

|  Mediasti- 
nal. 

Hepatic 

(orportal). 

Gastric. 

Mesenteric. 

Prescapu- 
lar. 

Superficial 
inguinal. 

fco 

3 
i-l 

M 

QJ 

3 

d 

0) 

_2 
"E. 
02 

1853                

+  ' 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
-f- 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
-(- 

1854 

+ 

1855 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1856              

+ 

1857  

+ 

+      

1845 

-f 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

-1- 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1846 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1847 

-1- 

+ 

+ 
+ 

1848 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

1849 

+ 

+ 

1850  

-f 

-|. 

+ 

+  !  + 

+ 

1839 

+  ? 

1842 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

4- 

+ 
-f- 

+ 

+ 

1843          

+ 

1844 

-j- 

+ 

+ 

Total       .     ... 

15 

1 

2 

10 

2           6 

9 

11 

C 

3 

12 

9 

4 

The  table  shows  that  the  subrnaxillary  lymph  glands,  located  at  the 
angles  of  the  jaw,  were  affected  in  eveiT  hog.  These  glands  probably 
receive  the  drainage  from  the  lips  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
mouth,  and  may  be  of  such  structure  in  hogs  that  it  is  difficult  for 
tubercle  germs  to  pass  through  them. 

The  lung,  next  in  order,  is  the  most  frequent  seat  of  disease.  It  was 
affected  twelve  times  out  of  a  possible  fifteen,  and  in  every  instance  con- 
tained the  largest  number  of  individual  foci  and  the  largest  actual  mass 
of  tuberculous  disease.  The  course  taken  })}•  the  infectious  agent,  with 
ingested  tuberculosis,  to  the  lung,  is  believed  to  be  through  the  lymph 
channels  and  the  blood.  The  former  terminate  in  the  vessels  that 
carry  the  venous  blood  directly  to  the  heart,  and  from  the  heart  it  is 
carried  to  the  lung,  where  the  germs  are  more  or  less  effectually  fil- 
tered out  during  its  passage  through  the  exceptionally  fine  and  com- 
plex network  of  thin-walled  capillaries.  The  innumerable  lesions  in 
the  lung,  and  their  more  or  less  uniform  distribution,  both  tend  to 
support  this  view.  This  mode  of  infection  is  very  strongly  brought 
out  in  the  experiments  of  Nicholas  and  Descos  and  of  Kavenel,  who 
proved  by  feeding  healthy  dogs  on  tuberculous  fluid  and  examining 
the  chyle  in  the  thoracic  duct  a  few  hours  later  that  tubercle  bacilli 
may  readily  pass  through  the  normal  intestinal  wall  and  infect  the 
animal  without  causing  any  lesion  in  the  alimentary  tract. 

The  inhalation  theory  of  the  infection  of  the  lung  with  tuberculosis 
is  clearly  shown  to  be  unnecessary,  and  the  frequency  with  which  the 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  47 

lung  is  affected  among  the  experimental  hogs,  all  of  which  contracted 
the  affection  through  the  ingestion  of  infectious  material,  shows  that, 
although  tuberculosis  is  more  commonly  a  disease  of  the  lung  than  of 
other  organs,  this  is  not  necessarily  due  to  the  direct  exposure  of 
the  lung  to  air  in  which  tubercle  bacilli  are  suspended.  It  is  more 
probable  that  the  infecting  agent  reaches  the  lung  through  the  lymph 
and  blood  streams,  as  indicated,  than  through  the  air.  When  air  in 
which  solid  particles  are  suspended  is  breathed,  the  tortuous,  narrow 
passages,  with  moist  surfaces,  through  which  it  must  pass,  should  com- 
pletely prevent  the  penetration  of  these  solid  particles  to  any  great 
depth.  The  solid  particles  would  lodge  on  the  upper  respiratory  sur- 
faces, and  if  not  removed  normally  with  mucus  and  other  secretions 
through  the  mouth  and  nose,  would  be  more  apt  to  cause  an  affection 
of  the  local  lymph  glands,  like  the  parotid,  buccal,  maxillary,  pharyn- 
geal.  etc.,  than  of  the  lung  and  the  bronchial  and  mediastinal  glands. 

Next  in  the  order  of  f  requency  with  which  various  structures  in  the 
bodies  of  the  hogs  were  affected  are  the  mesenteric  glands — eleven  times 
in  a  possible  fifteen.  Themesentric  disease  was  confined  three  times  to 
a  slight  involvement  of  a  single  gland  and  one  time  to  minute  lesions 
in  three  or  four  glands.  More  general  disease,  with  involvement  of 
33  per  cent  or  more  of  the  mesenteric  glands,  occurred  seven  times. 

It  should  be  noted  that  some  relationship  exists  between  the  sever- 
ity of  the  mesenteric  disease  and  the  severit^v  of  the  exposure  to  which 
the  hogs  were  subjected.  Thus,  -Jt  hogs  that  contracted  tuberculosis 
through  eating  infected  feces,  the  mildest  form  of  exposure  received, 
showed  no  disease  of  the  mesenteric  glands;  3  of  the  5  hogs  that  were 
fed  infected  milk  for  three  days  showed  very  slight  disease  of  the  mes- 
enteric glands,  and  5  of  the  6  that  were  fed  infected  milk  for  thirty 
days  showed  severe  disease  of  the  mesenteric  glands. 

In  connection  with  the  infection  of  the  mesenteric  glands  it  must  be 
stated  that  the  hogs  used  in  the  exposures  to  tuberculosis  were  young 
animals,  less  than  6  months  old  at  the  time  they  wTere  killed  and  exam- 
ined. Young  animals  and  children  have  more  voluminous  lymph 
glands  than  older  animals  and  adults,  and  their  lymph  glands  are  more 
frequently  involved  in  disease.  This  may  account  to  some  extent  for 
the  frequency  with  which  tuberculous  lesions  occurred  in  the  mesen- 
teric glands  of  the  experimental  hogs,  as  it  does  for  the  greater  fre- 
quency with  which  abdominal  tuberculosis  occurs  among  children  than 
among  adults. 

•  The  bronchial  glands  stand  fourth  in  the  order  of  frequency,  and 
were  affected  ten  times  in  a  possible  fifteen,  only  one  time  less  than 
the  mesenteric  glands.  In  every  instance  but  one  the  affection  of  the 
bronchial  glands  was  associated  with  disease  of  the  lung,  while  the  lung- 
was  affected  three  times  without  disease  of  the  bronchial  glands. 

The  order  of  frequency  following  the  bronchial  glands  is,  tifth,  the 


48  THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

liver  and  the  gastric  glands  (glands  at  the  curvature  of  the  stomach), 
each  affected  nine  tunes;  sixth,  hepatic  (portal)  and  prescapular  glands, 
each  affected  six  times;  seventh,  spleen,  affected  four  times;  eighth, 
superficial  inguinal  glands,  affected  three  times;  ninth,  mediastinal 
and  prepectoral  glands,  each  affected  two  times;  and,  tenth  and  last, 
postpharyngeal  glands,  affected  a  single  time. 

The  disease  of  the  hepatic,  or  portal,  glands  was  associated  in  every 
case  with  disease  of  the  liver,  and  the  liver  was  affected  three  times 
without  accompanying  disease  of  these  glands.  The  disease  in  the 
liver  generally  partook  more  of  the  character  of  the  lesions  in  the 
lung  than  in  other  structures— that  is,  with  reference  to  the  wide, 
even  distribution  of  the  foci  of  disease  in  the  organ.  The  actual  num- 
ber of  tuberculous  foci  in  the  liver  was  generally  much  smaller  than 
in  the  lung. 

The  infrequency  with  which  the  mediastinal  glands  were  affected  as 
well  as  the  comparatively  great  frequency  with  which  remote  glands 
like  the  prescapular  and  superficial  inguinals  contained  lesions  of 
tuberculosis  is  remarkable,  and  directs  attention  to  the  possibility  of 
the  infection  of  the  meat  of  hogs  even  when  their  internal  organs  do 
not  show  lesions  of  extensive  tuberculous  disease. 

The  similarity  in  the  distribution  of  the  foci  of  disease  in  the  lung 
and  in  the  liver  points  directly  to  a  similarity  in  the  modes  of  infec- 
tion, which,  with  both  organs,  is  undoubtedly  through  the  blood  stream. 
Next  to  the  lung  no  organ  in  the  body  has  a  capillary  circulation  that 
is  as  well  adapted  as  that  of  the  liver  to  act  as  a  filter  for  the  blood. 
If  infectious  material  enters  directly  into  the  circulation  through  the 
capillaries  supplied  to  the  absorbing  structures  of  the  intestine,  it  is 
carried  to  the  liver  and  has  a  chance  to  lodge  there  before  it  reaches 
the  lung.  The  effectual  manner  in  which  the. lung  and  the  liver  act  as 
filters  for  the  blood  stream  accounts  for  the  infrequency  with  which 
tubercle  bacilli  can  be  detected  in  the  blood  of  the  general  circulation. 

SUMMARY  OF  PRACTICAL  CONCLUSIONS. 

1.  The  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  to  hogs  is  practicable,  and 
the  results  obtained  are  as  reliable  as  with  cattle,  provided  the  hogs 
are  kept  very  quiet  beginning  some  time  before  and  throughout  the 
entire  test.     The  need  for  quiet  can  not  be  too  much  emphasized. 

2.  Hogs   readily   contract   tuberculosis   through   the   ingestion   of 
infected  food.     Their  susceptibility  to  tuberculosis  through  exposure 
to  infected  food  is  much  greater  than  that  of  guinea  pigs.  % 

8.  The  feces  of  cattle  that  swallow  tubercle  bacilli  are  highly  infec- 
tious for  hogs  that  are  exposed  to  them. 

4.  The  feces  of  tuberculous  cattle  very  probably  contain  numerous 
tubercle    bacilli    that    reach    the    intestine    through   swallowing   or 
otherwise. 

5.  Apart  from  the  invariable  infection  of  the  submaxillary  glands, 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  49 

and  the  apparent  dependence  of  the  severity  of  the  disease  in  the 
mesenteric  glands  on  the  amount  of  infectious  material  swallowed, 
the  location  of  the  tuberculous  lesions  in  the  body  is  undoubtedly 
dependent  upon  other  causes  than  the  channel  through  which  the 
infectious  material  enters.  This  is  especially  shown  to  be  true  by  such 
hogs  as  Nos.  184:3  and  1S44,  in  one  of  which  the  lesions  were  conlined, 
in  addition  to  the  submaxillary  glands,  exclusively  to  the  lung,  and  in 
the  other  to  the  lung  and  the  liver. 

While  no  hogs  were  included  in  the  present  experiments  that  were 
fed  milk  from  tuberculous  cows,  we  judge  from  experiments  previ- 
ously made,  in  which  hogs  were  fed  large  quantities  of  such  milk, 
that  of  the  two  methods — the  exposure  of  hogs  to  the  feces  or  to  the 
milk  of  tuberculous  cattle — the  former  has  by  far  the  greater  danger, 
entirely  apart  from  the  fact  that  exposure  to  the  feces,  in  the  manner 
in  which  it  occurs,  is  never  a  simple  exposure  to  one  thing,  but  a 
general  exposure  to  all  the  infectious  material  that  may  pass  from 
cattle  irrespective  of  whether  they  are  milk-producing  animals  or  not. 

Beef  cattle  behind  which  hogs  are  turned  are  usually  young  animals, 
and  the  percentage  of  tuberculosis  among  them,  and  more  especially 
generalized  or  advanced  tuberculosis,  is  very  low.  Dairy  cattle,  the 
average  age  of  which  is  greater,  show  a  much  higher  percentage  of 
disease,  and  for  this  reason  hogs  associated  with  them  will  probably 
contract  tuberculosis  more  frequently.  This  greater  frequency  must 
not  be  attributed  entirely  to  the  milk  the  hogs  receive  from  the  cows. 
No  farmer  and  no  dairyman  who  is  acquainted  with  the  value  of  the 
undigested  grain  or  other  nutriment  in  cattle  feces  as  a  food  for  bogs 
fails  to  feed  as  much  of  it  as  he  possibty  can.  At  the  Experiment 
Station  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  several  lots  of  hogs  were 
kept,  for  experimental  purposes,  under  identically  the  same  conditions 
with  the  exception  that  some,  in  addition  to  their  other  feed,  received 
a  few  shovelfuls  of  cow  feces  daily,  and  some  a  small  quantity  of  milk. 
The  results  showed  conclusively  that  either  feces  or  milk  caused  an 
improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  hogs  greatly  in  excess  of  what 
can  be  accounted  for  by  the  actual  nutriment  contained  in  the  feces  or 
milk.  The  feces  when  given  with  the  ordinary  feed  produced  results 
f  ulhr  us  good  as  the  milk.  Of  three  lots  of  hogs,  all  of  which  received 
the  maximum  amount  of  mill  feed  they  could  be  made  to  eat,  one  lot 
was  fed  a  small  quantity  of  milk  daily,  and  one  the  nutriment  con- 
tained in  a  small  quantity  of  cow  feces.  At  the  end  of  three  months 
the  hogs  that  received  either  milk  or  feces  were  in  equally  good  con- 
dition, and  had  made  a  gain  in  weight  of  from  75  to  100  per  cent 
greater  than  that  made  by  the  lot  of  hogs  fed  purely  on  mill  feed. 

It  is  a  question  whether  the  tuberculosis  that  occurs  among  hogs 
associated  with  dairy  establishments  is  not  more  directly  traceable  to 


50  THE  TUBEKCULIN  TEST  OF  HOGS. 

the  feces  of  tuberculous  cows  than  to  skim  milk.  Tuberculous  cows 
with  unaffected  udders  secrete  milk  infected  with  tubercle  bacilli  so 
rarel3T  that  the  injection  of  such  milk  into  the  peritoneal  cavities  of 
'  guinea  pigs  (which  is. an  exceedingly  delicate  test  for  the  presence 
of  tubercle  bacilli)  led  to  the  inference  in  earlier  investigations  a  "that 
if  all  cattle  affected  with  advanced  generalized  tuberculosis  and  all 
cattle  with  diseased  udders  were  eliminated  from  dairy  herds,  very 
little  infected  milk  would  reach  the  market.'1  This  inference  should 
be  modified  by  the  conclusions  drawn  from  investigations  published  in 
the  Twent}T-first  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
(p.  65),  in  which  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  danger  that  milk  may 
become  infected  from  the  environment  of  tuberculous  cattle  is  prob- 
ably greater  than  through  the  milk-secreting  structures  of  tuber- 
culous cows  with  healthy  udders,  and  hence  that  no  tuberculous 
animals  should  be  allowed  to  remain  among  dairy  cattle  or  in  dairy 
herds.  This  latter  conclusion  is  still  further  emphasized  by  the 
results  obtained  in  the  experiments  recorded  in  Bulletin  No.  4A  of  this 
Bureau. 

The  feces  of  tuberculous  cattle  are  a  menace  to  hogs  even  when  not 
deliberately  fed  to  them.  Very  few  establishments  that  keep  both 
hogs  and  cattle  make  provisions  effectually  to  prevent  the  access  of 
the  former  to  the  manure  heap  on  which  the  droppings  of  the  latter 
are  thrown.  No  farmer  or  stockman  intentionally  practices  a  system 
of  feeding  that  is  lacking  in  economy,  and  to  know  the  benefits  that 
are  derived  by  hogs  from  the  manure  heap  of  stables  containing 
heavily  grain-fed  daily  or  beef  cattle  immediately  causes  its  location 
in  the  hog  yard.  This  practice  is  not  harmful  when  the  cattle  are' 
healthy;  but  when  they  are  affected  with  tuberculosis  it  means,  in  the 
light  of  the  evidence  we  now  have,  an  almost  certain  transference  of 
the  disease  to  the  hogs. 

The  following  abstract  of  the  work  of  H.  Vallee,  published  in  the 
Annales  de  1'Institut  Pasteur,  October  25,  1905,  page  619,  is  very  sig- 
nificant, and  adds  weight  to  the  reasons  we  have  presented  relative  to 
the  frequency  with  which  the  lung  becomes  affected  with  tuberculosis 
and  the  channels  through  which  the  infectious  material  reaches  the 
lung.  Vallee  draws  attention  to  the  incontestable  fact  that  the  pul- 
monary parenchyma  constitutes  the  favorite  seat  for  the  location  of 
the  tubercle  bacillus  in  all  species  of  animals. 

In  statistics  collected  on  43,000  bovines  the  lungs  have  been  shown  to  be  affected 
in  75  per  cent  of  cases  of  localized  tuberculosis,  and  in  all  cases  of  generalized  tuber- 
culosis. Vallee  inoculated  2  young  calves  by  the  intratracheal  method  and  found  on 
post-mortem  examination  six  months  later  that  the  bronchial  anil  mediastinal  lymph 
glands  and  the  lungs  were  without  lesions,  with  the  exception  of  10  tubercular  vege- 
tations on  the  visceral  pleura.  Four  other  calves  were  infected  by  blowing  a  small 

«  Bulletins  Nos.  3  and  7,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


SOME    METHODS    OF    INFECTION    WITH    TUBERCULOSIS.  51 

quantity  of  a  pulverized  culture  of  virulent  tubercle  bacilli  into  the  naso-pharynx. 
In  two  of  these  cases  the  postpharyngeal  lymph  glands  became  involved,  in  one  case 
the  postpharyngeal  and  tracheal  lymph  glands  developed  lesions,  while  in  the  fourth 
calf  the  postpharyngeal,  cervical,  and  tracheal  glands  showed  tuberculosis,  but  in  no 
instance  were  the  pulmonary  lymph  glands,  lungs,  or  other  viscera  affected. 

Experiments  were  also  carried  out  which  seemed  to  indicate  that  an  infection 
through  the  digestive  tract  constitutes  a  mode  of  inoculation  which  is  extremely 
favorable  to  the  production  of  pulmonary  lesions. 

As  a  result  of  his  investigations  Yallee  concludes  that  of  the  various  methods  of 
infection  ingestion  is  the  one  by  which  the  most  certain  and  the  quickest  tuberculi- 
zation  of  the  pulmonary  iymph  glands  takes  place.  Moreover,  the  tubercle  bacillus 
may  pass  through  the  intestinal  walls  without  producing  any  appreciable  lesion  in 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine  or  in  the  mesenteric  lymph  glands,  and  locate 
and  multiply  in  the  bronchial  lymph  glands. 

The  fact  that  it  is  difficult  to  produce  tuberculosis  of  the  lung1  and 
its  lymph  glands  by  direct  injection  of  infectious  material  into  the 
trachea  is  especially  significant,  while  the  conclusion  that  tubercle 
bacilli  may  pass  through  the  intestinal  walls  and  the  neighboring 
lymph  glands  is  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  results  obtained  from 
our  experiments. 

Finally,  we  wish  to  add  that  the  microscopic  examination  and 
inoculation  tests  of  the  feces  and  of  scrapings  from  the  walls  of  the 
rectum  just  inside  of  the  anal  opening  of  the  cattle  that  drank  infected 
water  showed  the  presence  of  a  considerable  number  of  tubercle 
bacilli.  The  germs  were  all  isolated  and  not  in  clumps.  This  fact 
shows  more  conclusively  even  than  the  tuberculous  condition  of  the 
hogs  exposed  to  the  feces  that  the  tubercle  bacilli  swallowed  by  the 
cattle  actually  passed  through  their  stomachs  and  intestines  and  out 
through  their  rectums.  The  microscopic  examination  and  inoculation 
test  of  the  feces  from  an  old  tuberculous  cow,  not  used  in  the  experi- 
ment, that  had  been  affected  a  number  of  j-ears  with  naturally  acquired 
tuberculosis,  also  showed  the  presence  of  tubercle  bacilli,  but  in  much 
smaller  numbers  than  the  feces  of  the  cattle  that  drank  the  artificially 
infected  water. 

And  this  passage  of  tubercle  bacilli,  without  loss  of  their  pathogenic 
quality,  from  the  mouth  on  entirely  through  and  out  of  the  intestinal 
tract  of  cattle,  which  is  here  experimentally  demonstrated  to  be  a  fact, 
again  leads  us  to  call  attention  to  the  danger  that  normal  milk  from 
healthy  cattle  may  be  highly  infectious  if  the  dairy  cows  by  which  it 
is  produced  are  stabled  or  pastured  or  otherwise  associated  with  tuber- 
culous cattle. 

The  desirability  of  the  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  to  all  cat- 
tle increases  with  every  new  investigation  of  the  subject  made. 

o 


CONTROL    AND    ERADICATION'    OK    ( 'ONTA(  i  l(  US    1  HSK  ASKS. 


Ifispectors  in 


'  <>f  ((ixtrl<-iN. 


Dr.  R.  A.  Ramsay,  room  320  Qniney  Building,       Fargo,  X.  Dak.—  Dr.  K.  H.  Tiv:iey. 


Denver,  Colo.,  in  general  charge  of  eradication 

of  scabies  of  sheep  ami  cultlf  in  the  West. 
Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.— Dr.  Louis  Metsker,  room 

•2-2  X.  T.  Armijo  Building. 
Denver,    Colo. — Dr.    Lowell    Clarke,    room    320 

Quincy  Building. 


Kansas  City.  Kims.— Albert.  Dean,  room  328  Live 

Shirk  Kxchange. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.— George  S.  Hickox,  room 

•JI  Kagle  Block. 


JNSI'KCTIOX    OK    I.IVK    STOCK     FOR    KXPORT. 


Baltimore,  Mil.— Dr.  II.  A.  lledrick,  215  St.  1'anl 

street. 

New  York,  N.  Y.— Dr.  W.  H.  Rose,   IS  H  road  way. 
Norfolk,  Va.— Dr.  G.  0.  Faville,  P.  O.  box  7%. 


Philadelphia,  Pa.— Dr.  C.  A.  Schaufler,  134  South 
Second  street. 

Portland,  Me.— Dr.  F.  W.  Huntington,  IT.  S.  Cus- 
toms Office,  Grand  Trunk  R.  R.  wharf. 


INSPECTION    AND    QUARANTINE!    »K    IMPORTED    ANIMALS. 


Quarantine  stations. 


Athenia,  N.  J.  (for  the  port  of  New  York). — Dr. 

George  W.  Pope,  superintendent. 
Halethorp,   Md.  (for  the  port  of  Baltimore). — 

William  H.  Wade,  superintendent. 


Littleton,  MHSS.'  (for  the  port  of  Boston). — T)r. 
J.  F.  Ryder,  inspector  in  charge,  111  Milk  street, 
Boston,  Mass. 


Inspectors  on  i\\e  Canadian  border. 


Calais,  Me.— Dr.  H.  T.  Potter. 

Curtilage,  N.  Y.— Dr.  W.  S.  Corlis. 

Detroit.  Mich.— Dr.  L.  K.  Green,  care  Hammond, 

Stimdish  A  Co. 

Fort  Kairlield,  Me.— Dr.  F.  M.  Perry. 
Malone,  N.  Y.— Dr.  H.  D.  Mayne. 
Newport,  Vt.— Dr.  G.  W.  Ward. 


Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.— Dr.  Charles  Cowic. 

Orono,  Me.— Dr.  F.  L.  Russell. 

Port    Huron,    Mich. — Dr.  David    dimming,   912 

Lapeer  avenue. 

St.  Albans,  Vt.— Dr.  C.  L.  Morin. 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. — Dr.  J.  F.  Deadman. 


Inspectors  on  the  Mexican  border. 


El  Paso,  Tex.— Dr.  Thomas  A.  Bray. 

San  Antonio.  Tex.— Dr.  Joseph  W." Parker. 


San  Diego,  Cal. — Dr.  Robert  Darling,  care  Charles 
S.  Hardy. 


VETERINARY    INSPECTORS   STATIONED    ABROAD. 


Dr.  W.  II.  Wray,  34  Htreatham  Hill.  London, 
s.  W.,  England,  in  charge  for  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 


Dr.  T.  A.  Geddes,  care  U.  S.  consulate,  Liverpool, 
England. 


Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 
DAIRY   INSPECTORS. 

M.  W.  Lang,  room  423  Marine  Building,  Chicago,      E.  A.  McDonald,  Seattle,  Wash. 

111.  Levi  Wells.  LaCeyville.  Pa. 

Robert  McAdam,  room  423  Marine  Building,  Chi-  j  G.  M.  Whitaker,  Washington,  D.C. 

eago,  III. 


